Compound Codex
Independent evidence record Peptides & research compounds Join the discussion →

Citations

Every claim, sourced.

The full bibliography behind the site — 1291 references from roughly 183 sources, across 99 compound profiles and 16 guides. Every link is live; check any of them yourself.

Compound profiles 99

5-Amino-1MQ 7

  1. Neelakantan H, et al. Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of NNMT reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2018;147:141-152. PMID 29155147 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Babula JJ, et al. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition mitigates obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(11):5272-5282. PMID 39161060 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Dimet-Wiley A, et al. Reduced calorie diet combined with NNMT inhibition establishes a distinct microbiome in DIO mice. Scientific Reports. 2022. PMID 35013352 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Dimet-Wiley AL, et al. NNMT inhibition mimics and boosts exercise-mediated improvements in muscle function in aged mice. Scientific Reports. 2024. PMC11226645 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Kannt A, et al. A small molecule inhibitor of NNMT for the treatment of metabolic disorders (JBSNF-000088 — different compound, class context). Scientific Reports. 2018. PMID 29483571 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Iyamu ID, Huang R. Mechanisms and inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. RSC Med Chem. 2021;12(8):1254-1261. PMC8372200 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. WADA 2026 Prohibited List (in force 1 Jan 2026; 5-amino-1MQ not specifically named; GLP-1s on Monitoring Program) wada-ama.org

Adipotide 7

  1. Kolonin et al. Reversal of obesity by targeted ablation of adipose tissue. Nature Medicine 2004;10(6):625-32 (PMID 15133506; DOI 10.1038/nm1048) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Barnhart et al. A Peptidomimetic Targeting White Fat Causes Weight Loss and Improved Insulin Resistance in Obese Monkeys. Sci Transl Med 2011;3(108):108ra112 (PMID 22072637; DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002621) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Criscione. Comment on "A Peptidomimetic Targeting White Fat...". Sci Transl Med 2012 (PMID 22539771; DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003760) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01262664 — MD Anderson; TERMINATED; enrollment 4; no results; "Terminated per PI's request." clinicaltrials.gov
  5. Arrowhead Research press release (July 11, 2012) — first-patient dosing, Phase 1, Adipotide businesswire.com
  6. WADA 2026 Monitoring Program (GLP-1s monitored, not banned) (PDF) wada-ama.org
  7. WADA Prohibited List (S2 covers growth factors incl. IGF-1, MGF) wada-ama.org

Afamelanotide 14

  1. Langendonk et al. Afamelanotide for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria. NEJM 2015 (full text) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Langendonk et al. NEJM 2015 (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. FDA approval letter, NDA 210797 accessdata.fda.gov
  4. Scenesse prescribing information (DailyMed) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  5. EMA EPAR: Scenesse (EU authorisation 22 Dec 2014) ema.europa.eu
  6. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  7. Wensink et al. JAMA Dermatology 2020 (post-authorization cohort) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Biolcati et al. British Journal of Dermatology 2015 (long-term cohort) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Lim et al. Afamelanotide and Narrowband UV-B for Vitiligo. JAMA Dermatology 2015 jamanetwork.com
  10. Hadley & Hruby. Discovery and development of Melanotan-I and -II. 1998 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Melanotan-2 melanoma case report. Dermatology Practical & Conceptual 2012 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Afamelanotide (background overview) en.wikipedia.org
  13. Drugs.com: Scenesse FDA approval history drugs.com
  14. UNSW / TGA: Melanotan-II warning unsw.edu.au

AICAR 9

  1. Narkar VA, Evans RM, et al. AMPK and PPARδ agonists are exercise mimetics. Cell 2008;134(3):405–415. PMID 18674809. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Cuthbertson DJ, et al. AICAR acutely stimulates skeletal muscle 2-deoxyglucose uptake in healthy men. Diabetes 2007;56(8):2078–2084. PMID 17513706. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Newman MF, et al. (RED-CABG). Effect of acadesine on morbidity and mortality associated with CABG: the RED-CABG randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;308(2):157–164. PMID 22782417. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Mangano DT (McSPI). Effects of acadesine on myocardial infarction, stroke, and death following surgery: a meta-analysis of the 5 international randomized trials. JAMA 1997;277(4):325–332. PMID 9002496. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Campàs C, et al. Acadesine activates AMPK and induces apoptosis in B-CLL cells but not in T lymphocytes. Blood 2003;101(9):3674–3680. PMID 12522004. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Van Den Neste E, et al. Acadesine for patients with relapsed/refractory CLL: a multicenter phase I/II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013;71(3):581–591. PMC3579463. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Višnjić D, et al. AICAr, a Widely Used AMPK Activator with Important AMPK-Independent Effects: A Systematic Review. Cells 2021;10(5):1095. PMC8147799. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. WADA. The Prohibited List (2026; S4.4 Metabolic Modulators — S4.4.1 AMPK activators). wada-ama.org
  9. USADA. What Athletes Should Know About AICAR and Other Prohibited AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activators. usada.org

Amycretin 9

  1. Gasiorek A, et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the first-in-class GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist, amycretin: a first-in-human, phase 1 trial. The Lancet, 2025. PMID 40550229; NCT05369390. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Dahl K, et al. Amycretin, a novel, unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist administered subcutaneously: results from a phase 1b/2a randomised controlled study. The Lancet, 2025. PMID 40550231; NCT06064006. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Kuhre RE, et al. The effect of amycretin, a unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist, on body weight and metabolic dysfunction in mice and rats. eBioMedicine, 2025. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. ADA 2025 abstract 2002-LB, Amycretin... Results of a Phase 1b/2a Clinical Trial. Diabetes 74(Suppl_1). diabetesjournals.org
  5. Novo Nordisk to advance subcutaneous and oral amycretin for weight management into phase 3 clinical development, 12 June 2025. globenewswire.com
  6. Novo Nordisk advances amycretin to Phase 3 (Lancet publication), 20 June 2025. prnewswire.com
  7. USADA, Weight Loss Drugs: What athletes need to know about GLP-1s (Monitoring Program; not prohibited). usada.org
  8. WADA publishes 2026 Prohibited List. wada-ama.org
  9. WADA, The 2026 Monitoring Program (GLP-1 RAs monitored, not prohibited). wada-ama.org

Anastrozole 18

  1. DailyMed — Anastrozole tablet label dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  2. FDA Arimidex (anastrozole) prescribing information (accessdata) accessdata.fda.gov
  3. HemOnc.org — Anastrozole (Arimidex) hemonc.org
  4. ATAC first results, Lancet 2002 thelancet.com
  5. ATAC 5-year completion, Lancet 2005 (PMID 15639680) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. ATAC long-term side-effect profile, Lancet Oncol 2006 thelancet.com
  7. ATAC 10-year analysis, Lancet Oncol 2010 (PMID 21087898) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Meta-analysis anastrozole vs tamoxifen, Trials 2008 (PMID 18664277) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. IBIS-II prevention, first results, Lancet 2014 (PMID 24333009) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. IBIS-II long-term results, Lancet 2020 (PMID 31839281) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Effect of anastrozole on lipid profile, Clinical Therapeutics 2022 (PMID 36031476) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. AIs and plasma lipid changes in postmenopausal women, meta-analysis (PMC10970985) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. Effects of AIs on lipids and thrombosis, review (PMC2361692) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  14. Finkelstein et al., Gonadal Steroids and Body Composition, Strength, and Sexual Function in Men, NEJM 2013 (PMID 24350954) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  15. WADA — The Prohibited List (official) wada-ama.org
  16. USADA — Aromatase Inhibitors explainer usada.org
  17. Drugs.com — WADA S4 Hormone and Metabolic Modulators drugs.com
  18. Anastrozole + leuprorelin in early-maturing girls (GAIL study, PMC4799269) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Andarine 14

  1. He Y, Yin D, Perera M, et al. Novel nonsteroidal ligands with high binding affinity and potent functional activity for the androgen receptor. Eur J Med Chem. 2002. PMID 12161060 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Yin D, Gao W, Kearbey JD, et al. Pharmacodynamics of selective androgen receptor modulators. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003. PMID 12604714 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Gao W, Kearbey JD, Nair VA, et al. Comparison of the pharmacological effects of a novel selective androgen receptor modulator, the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride, and the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide in intact rats. Endocrinology. 2004. PMID 15308613 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. FDA — FDA Warns of Use of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) Among Teens, Young Adults fda.gov
  5. FDA — Certain bodybuilding products put consumers at risk for heart attack, stroke, serious liver damage and more fda.gov
  6. WADA — The Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  7. USADA — Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs): Prohibited Class of Anabolic Agents usada.org
  8. USADA — What Should Tested Athletes Know About GW1516? usada.org
  9. BSCG — Andarine: A Banned Substance in Sport and Illegal Dietary Supplement Ingredient bscg.org
  10. Congress.gov — S.2742 SARMs Control Act of 2018 (not enacted) congress.gov
  11. NIH LiverTox — Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Khan S, Fackler J, Gilani A, Murphy S, Polintan L. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Induced Hepatotoxicity. Cureus. 2022;14(2):e22239. PMC8929477 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. Wikipedia — GW501516 (contrast compound) en.wikipedia.org
  14. Wikipedia — Andarine en.wikipedia.org

AOD-9604 3

  1. Heffernan M, et al. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology, 2001. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. FDA, December 4, 2024 Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. fda.gov
  3. WADA, The Prohibited List (S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics). wada-ama.org

ARA-290 14

  1. Helix-B surface peptide, PNAS 2008 (PMID 18676614) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Tissue-protective EPO derivatives, Science 2004 (PMID 15247477) science.org
  3. EPO/β-common heteroreceptor, PNAS 2004 (PMID 15456912) pnas.org
  4. TRPV1 pain mechanism, Peptides 2016 (PMID 26774587) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Sarcoidosis pilot RCT, Mol Med 2013 (PMID 24136731) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Type 2 diabetes Phase 2, Mol Med 2014 (PMID 25387363) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Sarcoidosis Phase 2b, IOVS 2017 (PMID 28475703) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Trial registry NCT02039687 clinicaltrials.gov
  9. Diabetic macular edema Phase 2, JCM 2020 (PMID 32674280) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Narrative review, Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014 (PMID 24555851) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Long-term pain relief + microglia, Mol Pain 2014 journals.sagepub.com
  12. EMA orphan designation EU/3/13/1191 ema.europa.eu
  13. FDA orphan status (trade press) pharmaceutical-business-review.com
  14. WADA Prohibited List 2026 wada-ama.org

Argireline 14

  1. Blanes-Mira C, et al. A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity. Int J Cosmet Sci, 2002 (PMID 18498523). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Wang Y, et al. The Anti-Wrinkle Efficacy of Argireline in Chinese Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Am J Clin Dermatol, 2013 (PMID 23417317). link.springer.com
  3. Wang Y, et al. The anti-wrinkle efficacy of Argireline (aged-mouse study). J Cosmet Laser Ther, 2013 (PMID 23607739). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Lungu C, et al. Trial of botulinum toxin and acetyl hexapeptide-8 for blepharospasm. Eur J Neurol, 2013 (PMID 23146065). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Aruan RR, et al. Acetyl hexapeptide-3 vs palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 for crow's feet (randomized trial). J Clin Aesthet Dermatol, 2023. jcadonline.com
  6. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and Safety of Topical Argireline in Periorbital Wrinkles (NCT01381484). clinicaltrials.gov
  7. Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Safety Assessment of Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 Amide (final report, March 2021). cir-safety.org
  8. Zdrada-Nowak J, et al. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 in Cosmeceuticals — A Review of Skin Permeability and Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci, 2025 (PMID 40565185). mdpi.com
  9. Lum K, et al. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 as a Topical Alternative to Botulinum Toxin: A Review. J Drugs Dermatol, 2025 (PMID 40196949). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Kraeling ME, et al. In vitro skin penetration of acetyl hexapeptide-8 from a cosmetic formulation. Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 2015. tandfonline.com
  11. Hoppel M, et al. Topical delivery of acetyl hexapeptide-8 from different emulsions. Eur J Pharm Sci, 2015 (PMID 25497319). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Cosmile Europe. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 (cosmetic ingredient entry). cosmileeurope.eu
  13. Lubrizol Signs Agreement to Acquire Lipotec (June 2012). globenewswire.com
  14. WADA. The Prohibited List. wada-ama.org

Boldenone 15

  1. 21 U.S.C. § 802(41) — federal definition of "anabolic steroid" (boldenone named) law.cornell.edu
  2. Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-358 congress.gov
  3. DEA final rule classifying steroids as Schedule III (general scheduling background; adds boldione and two others, not boldenone) federalregister.gov
  4. FDA new-animal-drug listing for injectable boldenone (Federal Register, 2005) federalregister.gov
  5. Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate) veterinary label — Drugs.com vet monograph drugs.com
  6. Boldenone undecylenate — Wikipedia (chemistry, ester, Ciba/Squibb history, Parenabol, IM half-life) en.wikipedia.org
  7. WADA 2026 Prohibited List (S1 Anabolic Agents; "including their esters"; prohibited at all times) wada-ama.org
  8. WADA Prohibited List portal wada-ama.org
  9. Gómez C et al. 2012 — new potential markers for the detection of boldenone misuse (PMID 22664392) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Piper T et al. 2010 — IRMS ¹³C/¹²C determination of urinary boldenone and metabolite (PMID 20468009) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. de la Torre X et al. 2013 — metabolism of boldione in humans, pseudoendogenous metabolites (PMID 24259377) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Albano GD et al. 2021 — Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review, Healthcare 9(1):97 (PMC7832337) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. Cardiac and metabolic effects of AAS abuse on lipids, blood pressure, LV dimensions, and rhythm, Am J Cardiol 2010 (PMC4111565) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  14. Anabolic androgenic steroids may be associated with early coronary artery disease (PMC6008908) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  15. Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder — StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf, NBK538174) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

BPC-157 7

  1. BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes (USADA) usada.org
  2. BPC-157: The peptide with big claims and scant evidence (STAT News, Feb 2026) statnews.com
  3. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks (FDA) fda.gov
  4. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (FDA) fda.gov
  5. FDA to Remove 12 Peptides from the Category 2 "Do Not Compound" List (Frier Levitt, 2026) frierlevitt.com
  6. The Prohibited List (World Anti-Doping Agency) wada-ama.org
  7. BPC-157: A prohibited peptide and an unapproved drug found in health and wellness products (OPSS, DoD) opss.org

Cagrilintide 15

  1. Enebo et al., phase 1b combination, Lancet 2021 (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Lau et al., phase 2 monotherapy, Lancet 2021 (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Frias et al., phase 2 CagriSema in T2D, Lancet 2023 thelancet.com
  4. Kruse et al., Development of Cagrilintide, J Med Chem 2021 pubs.acs.org
  5. REDEFINE 1, NEJM 2025 (NCT04657458) nejm.org
  6. REDEFINE 2, NEJM 2025 nejm.org
  7. REDEFINE 1 topline press release (Novo Nordisk) prnewswire.com
  8. Market reaction to December 2024 topline (CNBC) cnbc.com
  9. Carvas et al., animal mechanism, eBioMedicine 2025 (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Cao et al., cryo-EM structure, Nature Communications 2025 nature.com
  11. CagriSema FDA filing, December 2025 (Novo Nordisk) prnewswire.com
  12. Standalone RENEW program announcement, EASD 2025 (GlobeNewswire) globenewswire.com
  13. Cagrilintide as a next obesity drug candidate (CNBC) cnbc.com
  14. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  15. WADA Section S0 (non-approved substances) drugs.com

CagriSema 11

  1. Garvey WT et al. CagriSema in obesity (REDEFINE 1). NEJM, 2025 (PMID 40544433) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Davies MJ et al. CagriSema in type 2 diabetes (REDEFINE 2). NEJM, 2025 (PMID 40544432; NCT05394519) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. ClinicalTrials.gov — REDEFINE 1 (NCT05567796) clinicaltrials.gov
  4. Novo Nordisk: REDEFINE 1 22.7% weight reduction, NEJM publication (press release) prnewswire.com
  5. Novo Nordisk: FDA NDA filing for CagriSema, December 2025 (press release) prnewswire.com
  6. Novo Nordisk / GlobeNewswire: REDEFINE 4 top-line, non-inferiority not met (23 Feb 2026) globenewswire.com
  7. REDEFINE 3 cardiovascular outcomes trial — UK HRA summary hra.nhs.uk
  8. REDEFINE 1 body composition (DXA), ObesityWeek 2025 (Ravussin et al.) sciencehub.novonordisk.com
  9. CagriSema blood pressure analysis (REDEFINE 1). Hypertension (PMID 41328546) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. USADA: Weight Loss Drugs — what athletes need to know about GLP-1s usada.org
  11. WADA publishes 2026 Prohibited List wada-ama.org

Cardarine 9

  1. GW501516 — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  2. Sprecher DL et al. (2007), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol — PMID 17110604 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Olson EJ, Pearce GL, Jones NP, Sprecher DL (2012), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol — PMID 22814748 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Narkar VA et al. (2008), Cell — PMID 18674809 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. USADA — What Should Athletes Know About GW1516? usada.org
  6. Sport Integrity Australia — GW1516 information sportintegrity.gov.au
  7. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  8. FDA — Certain Bodybuilding Products … SARMs Cause Harm fda.gov
  9. FDA — Consumer update on SARMs among teens and young adults fda.gov

Cerebrolysin 12

  1. FDA substance registry (UNII) record precision.fda.gov
  2. Cerebrolysin — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  3. Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (Cochrane 2023, full text) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke (Cochrane plain summary) cochrane.org
  5. Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia (Cochrane 2019) cochranelibrary.com
  6. Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia (Cochrane plain summary) cochrane.org
  7. CASTA stroke trial (Heiss et al., Stroke 2012) ahajournals.org
  8. CARS stroke-recovery trial (Muresanu et al., Stroke 2016) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Cerebrolysin in TBI meta-analysis (Ghaffarpasand et al., 2018) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. ADDF Cognitive Vitality assessment of Cerebrolysin alzdiscovery.org
  11. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  12. WADA 2026 Prohibited List (official PDF) rdb.manz.at

CJC-1295 7

  1. Teichman SL, et al. Prolonged Stimulation of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Secretion by CJC-1295, a Long-Acting Analog of GH-Releasing Hormone, in Healthy Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. CJC-1295 - Wikipedia (development history, DAC vs no-DAC, discontinuation after trial death and reported cause) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Lipodystrophy study halted after patient death - aidsmap (ConjuChem Phase 2, 192 participants, halted July 2006) aidsmap.com
  4. FDA Announces Removal of 12 Peptides from Category 2 and Schedules PCAC Meetings - Orrick (2026) orrick.com
  5. Federal Register: Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting (503A bulk drug substances, 2026) federalregister.gov
  6. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee - FDA fda.gov
  7. The Prohibited List - World Anti-Doping Agency (S2: GHRH analogues including CJC-1295 prohibited at all times) wada-ama.org

Clenbuterol 13

  1. DEA Diversion Control — Clenbuterol drug & chemical evaluation fact sheet deadiversion.usdoj.gov
  2. DEA Diversion Control — Anabolic Steroids fact sheet (Schedule III contrast) deadiversion.usdoj.gov
  3. FDA / Ventipulmin (clenbuterol HCl) Syrup veterinary label — DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Maltin CA et al., 1993 — clenbuterol increases relative muscle strength in orthopaedic patients, Clin Sci (Lond) (PMID 8334811) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Jiang et al., 2011 — RCT of clenbuterol in denervated muscle atrophy, Int Sch Res Notices (PMID 22389867 / PMC3263717) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Heuberger JAAC & Cohen AF, 2018 — Review of WADA Prohibited Substances, Sports Medicine (PMC6422964) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. WADA — The 2026 Prohibited List (clenbuterol under S1.2 Other Anabolic Agents; in force 1 Jan 2026) wada-ama.org
  8. WADA — Prohibited List landing page wada-ama.org
  9. WADA — Stakeholder Notice on meat contamination (≤5 ng/mL Atypical Finding handling) wada-ama.org
  10. WADA — Statement on clenbuterol wada-ama.org
  11. Case report and review of clenbuterol cardiac toxicity (PMID 30546764) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Pediatric clenbuterol ingestion / toxicity review, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine sciencedirect.com
  13. 21 U.S.C. § 333(e) — HGH distribution criminal statute (contrast) law.cornell.edu

Clomiphene 9

  1. Clomid (clomiphene citrate) — FDA label via DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  2. FDA Drugs@FDA — Clomid label PDF (NDA 016131, 2012 rev.) accessdata.fda.gov
  3. StatPearls — Clomiphene (NCBI Bookshelf, NBK559292) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Huijben M, et al. 2022 — Clomiphene citrate for men with hypogonadism: systematic review and meta-analysis (Andrology; PMID 34933414; DOI 10.1111/andr.13146) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  5. Hohl A, et al. 2025 — Clomiphene or enclomiphene citrate for male hypogonadism: SR and meta-analysis of RCTs (Arch Endocrinol Metab 69(5); PMID 41066380; PMCID PMC12510335; DOI 10.20945/2359-4292-2025-0093) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. WADA 2026 Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  7. USADA — Substance Profile: Clomiphene usada.org
  8. USADA — 2026 WADA Prohibited List athlete advisory usada.org
  9. 2,4-Dinitrophenol — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org

Desmopressin 14

  1. Guard et al., Effects of vasopressin and desmopressin on memory: a double-blind study in 40 healthy volunteers, Neuropsychobiology 1986 — PubMed (PMID 3762902) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Abdollahian et al., Effects of desmopressin (DDAVP) on memory impairment following ECT, Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2004 — PubMed (PMID 26984164) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Odeh & Oliven, Coma and seizures due to severe hyponatremia and water intoxication with intranasal desmopressin, J Clin Pharmacol 2001 — PubMed (PMID 11361055) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Desmopressin as a Treatment in Patients With Von Willebrand Disease: A Systematic Review, Cureus 2023 (PMC10464544) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Rose & Aledort, Nasal Spray Desmopressin (DDAVP) for Mild Hemophilia A and von Willebrand Disease, Ann Intern Med 1991 — PubMed (PMID 1900403) acpjournals.org
  6. Desmopressin in the treatment of nocturia: clinical evidence and experience, Ther Adv Urol 2013 (PMC3825109) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Efficacy of desmopressin in treatment of nocturia in elderly men, J Res Med Sci 2011 (PMC3214357) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Effects of desmopressin for nocturnal polyuria in elderly women: impact on related sleep quality, Can Urol Assoc J 2015 (PMC4639425) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Older U.S. Adults With Nocturia Often Cannot Use the Only FDA-Approved Drugs for the Condition, Innovation in Aging 2020 (PMC7740916) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. FDA label, DESMODA (desmopressin acetate) oral solution, NDA 219873, 2026 accessdata.fda.gov
  11. FDA label, desmopressin acetate nasal spray, NDA 021333 (hyponatremia/seizure warnings) accessdata.fda.gov
  12. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  13. WADA S5 Diuretics and Masking Agents (Drugs.com summary) drugs.com
  14. USADA, What's New on the 2025 WADA Prohibited List? usada.org

Dihexa 13

  1. McCoy et al. 2013, metabolically stabilized Ang IV analogs as procognitive agents (JPET, PMID 23055539) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Benoist et al. 2014, HGF/c-Met-dependent effects (JPET, PMID 25187433) — RETRACTED pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Retraction notice to Benoist 2014 (JPET, April 2025, PMID 40312093) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Retraction Watch — Expressions of Concern on Athira-related papers (Sept 2021) retractionwatch.com
  5. Dihexa — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  6. Fosgonimeton / ATH-1017 LIFT-AD Phase 2/3 (NCT04488419) clinicaltrials.gov
  7. NeurologyLive — Synaptic agent fosgonimeton falls short in Phase 2/3 LIFT-AD trial neurologylive.com
  8. Practical Neurology — Fosgonimeton fails to meet study endpoints practicalneurology.com
  9. ALZFORUM therapeutics entry — Fosgonimeton alzforum.org
  10. Athira Phase 1 PK/safety of fosgonimeton (PMC9108585) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Frier Levitt — FDA peptide "Do Not Compound" / Category 2 update 2026 frierlevitt.com
  12. FDA — Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A fda.gov
  13. WADA — 2026 Prohibited List now in force wada-ama.org

DNP 11

  1. Geisler JG. "2,4 Dinitrophenol as Medicine." Cells. 2019;8(3):280 (PMID 30909602 / PMC6468406) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Grundlingh J, et al. "2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP): A Weight Loss Agent with Significant Acute Toxicity and Risk of Death." J Med Toxicol. 2011;7(3):205–212 (PMID 21739343) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Kopec KT, et al. "Role of dantrolene in dinitrophenol (DNP) overdose: A continuing question?" Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(6):1216.e1–1216.e2 (PMID 30948257) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Hermetet C, et al. "Fatal long-term intoxication by 2,4-dinitrophenol and anabolic steroids in a young bodybuilder with muscle dysmorphia." Front Public Health. 2024;12:1452196 (PMID 39659715 / PMC11628266) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Lindeman E, et al. "Runaway uncoupling in 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning: Clinical and mitochondrial observations from two cases." Toxicology Reports. 2025 (PMC12756549) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Cutting WC, Mehrtens HG, Tainter ML. "Actions and Uses of Dinitrophenol." JAMA. 1933;101(3):193–195 jamanetwork.com
  7. ATSDR. "Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols." August 2021 atsdr.cdc.gov
  8. USADA. "Athlete Advisory: What's New on the 2026 WADA Prohibited List?" usada.org
  9. WADA. "The Prohibited List." wada-ama.org
  10. FDA. "FDA targets unlawful internet sales of illegal prescription medicines during International Operation Pangea IX." fda.gov
  11. "Anabolic Steroids." StatPearls / NCBI Bookshelf (Schedule III; fluoxymesterone listed) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Drostanolone 10

  1. Drostanolone — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  2. Drostanolone propionate — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  3. Dromostanolone propionate — NCATS Inxight Drugs (UNII X20UZ57G4O) drugs.ncats.io
  4. Talley RW et al. 1973 — dose-response evaluation of androgens in metastatic breast cancer, Cancer (PMID 4579091) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Marinov L et al. 1987 — drostanolone propionate (masteril) in disseminated breast cancer, Khirurgiia (Bulgarian; no abstract) (PMID 2830431) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. 21 CFR § 1308.13 (Schedule III, anabolic steroids) — Cornell Legal Information Institute law.cornell.edu
  7. DEA Drug Fact Sheet: Steroids dea.gov
  8. WADA — The Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  9. WADA — 2026 Prohibited List now in force (news) wada-ama.org
  10. WADA — 2026 Prohibited List (resource) wada-ama.org

DSIP 7

  1. The influence of synthetic DSIP (delta-sleep-inducing-peptide) on disturbed human sleep — PubMed (PMID 7028502) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide on 24-hour sleep-wake behaviour in severe chronic insomnia (Schneider-Helmert, European Neurology, 1987) — PubMed (PMID 3622582) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. A clinical trial with DSIP (Kaeser, European Neurology, 1984) — PubMed (PMID 6391926) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle (Kovalzon & Strekalova, 2006) — PubMed (PMID 16539679) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Delta-sleep-inducing peptide — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  6. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting; Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for the 503A List — Federal Register (Docket FDA-2025-N-6895) federalregister.gov
  7. BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes — USADA usada.org

Ecnoglutide 12

  1. Ji L, et al. Phase 3 obesity trial (SLIMMER), NCT05813795. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025. PMID 40555243. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Ecnoglutide Phase 2 in type 2 diabetes (registry CTR20211014). Nature Communications. 2024. PMID 39333121. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Ecnoglutide Phase 3 in type 2 diabetes (EECOH-1), NCT05680155. Nature Communications. 2026. PMID 41501026. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Guo W, et al. Discovery of ecnoglutide — a novel, long-acting, cAMP-biased GLP-1 analog. Molecular Metabolism. 2023;75:101762. sciencedirect.com
  5. Sciwind Biosciences. NMPA approval for chronic weight management (6 March 2026). PR Newswire. prnewswire.com
  6. Sciwind Biosciences. NMPA approval for adult type 2 diabetes (30 January 2026). PR Newswire. prnewswire.com
  7. Sciwind Biosciences. Positive interim Phase 2b obesity results for XW003 (2022). PR Newswire. prnewswire.com
  8. Sciwind Biosciences partners with Pfizer China to commercialize its biased GLP-1 in China (24 February 2026). PR Newswire. prnewswire.com
  9. WADA publishes the 2026 Prohibited List. World Anti-Doping Agency. wada-ama.org
  10. WADA's 2026 Prohibited List now in force. World Anti-Doping Agency. wada-ama.org
  11. WADA 2026 Monitoring Program (PDF). World Anti-Doping Agency. wada-ama.org
  12. GLP-1RAs Monitored at the 2026 Winter Olympics. EMJ. emjreviews.com

Enclomiphene 16

  1. Wiehle RD, et al. 2013 — Testosterone restoration by enclomiphene citrate in men with secondary hypogonadism: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics (BJU Int 112(8):1188-1200; PMID 23875626; DOI 10.1111/bju.12363) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Wiehle RD, et al. 2014 — Enclomiphene citrate stimulates testosterone production while preventing oligospermia: a randomized phase II trial vs topical testosterone (Fertil Steril 102(3):720-727; PMID 25044085; DOI 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.004) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Kim ED, McCullough A, Kaminetsky J. 2016 — Oral enclomiphene citrate raises testosterone and preserves sperm counts in obese hypogonadal men, unlike topical testosterone (BJU Int 117(4):677-685; PMID 26496621; DOI 10.1111/bju.13337) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Hill S, Arutchelvam V, Quinton R. 2009 — Enclomiphene, an estrogen receptor antagonist for testosterone deficiency in men (IDrugs 12(2):109-119; PMID 19204885) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Operation Supplement Safety (DoD) — Clomiphene and enclomiphene: Drugs, not dietary supplements opss.org
  6. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00962637 — Safety and Efficacy of Androxal in Men With Secondary Hypogonadism (Sponsor: Repros Therapeutics) clinicaltrials.gov
  7. Enclomifene — Wikipedia (FDA non-approval, CHMP refusal, 2021 discontinuation) en.wikipedia.org
  8. US Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 (HR 4658, 101st Congress — AAS placed in Schedule III) congress.gov
  9. WADA — The Prohibited List (S4 Hormone and Metabolic Modulators) wada-ama.org
  10. Drugs.com — WADA S4: Hormone and Metabolic Modulators (S4.1 AIs; S4.2 SERMs/anti-estrogens incl. clomifene) drugs.com
  11. USADA — Substance Profile: Clomiphene usada.org
  12. Viola MI, Meyer D, Kruger T. 2011 — Association between clomiphene citrate and visual disturbances, with emphasis on central retinal vein occlusion: a review (Gynecol Obstet Invest 71(2):73-76; PMID 21160153) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. Medsafe (NZ) — Tamoxifen and Venous Thromboembolism (supports SERM VTE concern) medsafe.govt.nz
  14. ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols (Aug 2021) atsdr.cdc.gov
  15. 2,4-Dinitrophenol — Wikipedia (1938 withdrawal; deaths; no antidote) en.wikipedia.org
  16. Runaway uncoupling in 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning: clinical and mitochondrial observations from two cases (Toxicol Rep 2025;16:102183) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Epitalon 6

  1. Overview of Epitalon — Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties (review, 2025) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Epitalon — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  3. Normalizing effect of the pineal gland peptides on the daily melatonin rhythm in old monkeys and elderly people (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. FDA — Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A fda.gov
  5. July 23–24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee — FDA fda.gov
  6. WADA Prohibited List — USADA usada.org

Exemestane 11

  1. Goss PE et al., 2011 — Exemestane for breast-cancer prevention in postmenopausal women (MAP.3), N Engl J Med (PMID 21639806) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Coombes RC et al., 2007 — Survival and safety of exemestane vs tamoxifen after 2–3 years' tamoxifen (IES), Lancet (PMID 17307102) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Jassem J / International Exemestane Study Group, 2008 — IES mature overall-survival analysis, Anticancer Drugs (PMID 18340242) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Morden JP et al., 2017 — Long-Term Follow-Up of the Intergroup Exemestane Study, J Clin Oncol (PMID 28467729) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Coleman RE et al., 2007 — Skeletal effects of exemestane on BMD and fracture incidence (IES), Lancet Oncol (PMID 17267326) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Bertelli G et al., 2010 — Long-term endometrial effects in postmenopausal women in the IES, Ann Oncol 21(3):498-505 (PMID 19717534) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. WADA — The Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  8. USADA — What's New on the 2026 WADA Prohibited List? usada.org
  9. NCI — Exemestane Reduces Breast Cancer Risk in High-Risk Postmenopausal Women cancer.gov
  10. 2,4-Dinitrophenol — mechanism, no antidote, 1938 FDA removal, fatalities (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org
  11. Exemestane — mechanism and approval overview (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org

Fluoxymesterone 11

  1. NIH LiverTox — Androgenic Steroids (hepatotoxicity of 17α-alkylated AAS; names fluoxymesterone/Androxy) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Halotestin (fluoxymesterone) FDA label — DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Fluoxymesterone (DB01185) — DrugBank go.drugbank.com
  4. Kicman AT. 2008 — Pharmacology of anabolic steroids, Br J Pharmacol 154(3):502-521 (PMID 18500378) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. 21 CFR § 1308.13 — Schedule III anabolic steroids (eCFR) ecfr.gov
  6. Federal Register — Implementation of the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 federalregister.gov
  7. DEA — Drug Scheduling dea.gov
  8. WADA — The Prohibited List (2026 in force) wada-ama.org
  9. USADA — What's New on the 2026 WADA Prohibited List? usada.org
  10. Halotestin (Fluoxymesterone) — RxList rxlist.com
  11. ATSDR — Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols (2,4-DNP toxicity/lethality) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Follistatin 344 7

  1. Mendell JR et al., A Follistatin Gene Therapy Trial for Becker Muscular Dystrophy, Molecular Therapy 2015 (PMID 25322757) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Mendell et al. full text (PMC4426808) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Greenberg SA, Unfounded Claims of Improved Functional Outcomes Attributed to Follistatin Gene Therapy in Inclusion Body Myositis, Molecular Therapy 2017 (PMID 28927986) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01519349 — rAAV1.CMV.huFollistatin344 in Becker MD and sporadic inclusion body myositis clinicaltrials.gov
  5. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02354781 — rAAV1.CMV.huFollistatin344 in Duchenne MD clinicaltrials.gov
  6. WADA 2026 Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  7. WADA 2026 Prohibited List (official PDF mirror, S4.3) nada.at

GHK-Cu 8

  1. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International, 2015. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Hostynek JJ, Dreher F, Maibach HI. Human skin penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as a function of skin layer. Inflammation Research, 2011. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Ogórek K, et al. Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes? Molecules, 2025. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Copper peptide GHK-Cu (overview and INCI name copper tripeptide-1). en.wikipedia.org
  5. FDA. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (Category 2 / 503A interim policy). fda.gov
  6. Orrick. FDA Announces Removal of 12 Peptides from Category 2 and Schedules PCAC Meetings to Consider Adding Peptides to 503A Bulk Drug Substances List (2026). orrick.com
  7. Frier Levitt. FDA to Remove 12 Peptides from the Category 2 'Do Not Compound' List (2026). frierlevitt.com
  8. WADA. The Prohibited List (2026). wada-ama.org

GHRP-2 16

  1. Pralmorelin — PubChem CID 5493556 pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Pralmorelin — NCATS Inxight Drugs drugs.ncats.io
  3. Development and regulatory record (Drugs R&D 2004, PMID 15230633) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Adult diagnostic validation (Chihara, Eur J Endocrinol 2007, PMID 17609397) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Endocrine pharmacodynamics and off-target hormones (Arvat, Peptides 1997, PMID 9285939) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Appetite crossover study (Laferrère, JCEM 2005, PMID 15699539) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Phase I pharmacokinetics in children (JCEM 1998, PMID 9543135) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. 8-month graded-dose study in GH-deficient children (JCEM 1998, PMID 9661608) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. 12-month oral GHRP-2 in GH-deficient children (JPEM 2003, PMID 14513874) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. KP-102 pharmacological characteristics (PMID 15646370) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. KP-102 general pharmacology (PMID 15646371) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  13. WADA S2 — peptide hormones and growth factors (Drugs.com) drugs.com
  14. FDA warning letter — Tailor Made Compounding (2020) fda.gov
  15. FDA warning letter — United Pharmacy (2019) fda.gov
  16. FDA 2026 peptide compounding context (FDA Law Blog) thefdalawblog.com

GHRP-6 14

  1. Bowers CY, Momany FA, Reynolds GA, Hong A. On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone. Endocrinology. 1984;114(5):1537-1545. academic.oup.com
  2. Codd EE, Shu AY, Walker RF. Binding of the growth hormone releasing hexapeptide (SK&F 110679) to specific hypothalamic and pituitary binding sites. Neuropharmacology. 1989. PMID 2812284. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Howard AD, et al. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science. 1996. PMID 8688086. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Pandya N, DeMott-Friberg R, Bowers CY, Barkan AL, Jaffe CA. Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-6 requires endogenous hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone for maximal GH stimulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(4):1186-1189. academic.oup.com
  5. Cabrales A, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) in nine male healthy volunteers. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2013;48(1-2):40-46. PMID 23099431. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Selman-Housein KH, et al. Clinical safety study of CIGB-500 (GHRP-6) in healthy volunteers. Investigaciones Medicoquirúrgicas. 2014. medigraphic.com
  7. Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. PMID 11751604. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. AMIGOS / CIGB-500 cardioprotection trial in acute myocardial infarction — Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials RPCEC00000177. rpcec.sld.cu
  9. Hernández-Bernal F, García-del-Barco-Herrera D, et al. EGF combined with GHRP-6 in acute ischemic stroke: a Phase I/II trial. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1303402. frontiersin.org
  10. Berlanga-Acosta J, et al. Synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs): a historical appraisal of the evidences supporting their cytoprotective effects. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2017. journals.sagepub.com
  11. World Anti-Doping Agency — The Prohibited List. wada-ama.org
  12. World Anti-Doping Agency — 2026 Prohibited List (PDF; S2.2.4 growth hormone releasing factors). wada-ama.org
  13. Drugs.com — WADA S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, and Related Substances. drugs.com
  14. FDA Warning Letter — United Pharmacy (Feb 11, 2019; cites GHRP-6 and GHRP-2). fda.gov

Glutathione 15

  1. Richie JP, et al. Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione. Eur J Nutr. 2015;54(2):251-263. PMID 24791752 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Allen J, Bradley RD. Effects of oral glutathione supplementation on systemic oxidative stress biomarkers in human volunteers. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17(9):827-833. PMID 21875351 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Hauser RA, et al. Randomized, double-blind, pilot evaluation of intravenous glutathione in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(7):979-983. PMID 19230029 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Sechi G, et al. Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1996;20(7):1159-1170. PMID 8938817 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Mischley LK, et al. Central nervous system uptake of intranasal glutathione in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2016;2:16002. PMC5516583 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Mischley LK, et al. Phase IIb study of intranasal glutathione in Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2017;7(2):289-299. NCT02424708. PMC5438472 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Honda Y, et al. Efficacy of glutathione for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-label, single-arm, multicenter, pilot study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017;17(1):96. PMC5549431 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Alzahrani TF, et al. Exploring the safety and efficacy of glutathione supplementation for skin lightening: a narrative review. Cureus. 2025;17(1):e78050. PMC11862975 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. FDA highlights concerns with using dietary ingredient glutathione to compound sterile injectables fda.gov
  10. FDA warns compounders not to use glutathione from Letco Medical to compound sterile drugs fda.gov
  11. Seven cases of probable endotoxin poisoning related to contaminated glutathione infusions. PMC6088536 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Philippine FDA Advisory No. 2019-182, Unsafe Use of Glutathione as a Skin-Lightening Agent fda.gov.ph
  13. WADA 2026 Prohibited List (glutathione not listed; IV infusion >100 mL/12 h restricted under M2 Chemical and Physical Manipulation, M2.2) wada-ama.org
  14. WADA publishes 2026 Prohibited List (news) wada-ama.org
  15. USADA: Is it prohibited for athletes to use IV infusions? (explains the 100 mL/12 h rule) usada.org

Gonadorelin 16

  1. Gonadorelin — PubChem CID 638793 pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): 50 years of research — review (PMC10201296) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Hoffman AR, Crowley WF. Induction of puberty in men by long-term pulsatile administration of low-dose GnRH. N Engl J Med. 1982 (PMID 6813732) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Nachtigall LB, et al. Adult-onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. N Engl J Med. 1997 (PMID 9010147) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Santoro N. Efficacy and safety of intravenous pulsatile GnRH (Lutrepulse). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990 (PMID 2122733) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Zhang L, et al. The pulsatile gonadorelin pump induces earlier spermatogenesis. Am J Mens Health. 2019 journals.sagepub.com
  7. Pulsatile GnRH vs hCG/hMG for spermatogenesis in 92 IHH men (PMID 26463603) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Pulsatile GnRH in poor responders to combined gonadotropins (PMC11156179) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Bone mineral density and pulsatile gonadorelin in hypogonadotropic men (PMC4568382) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Comparison of pulsatile GnRH and combined gonadotropin therapy in CHH. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2025 link.springer.com
  11. Foster CM, et al. Immunoglobulin-mediated hypersensitivity to gonadorelin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989 (PMID 2653043) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. FACTREL (gonadorelin HCl, Zoetis, veterinary) — DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  13. FDA — Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A fda.gov
  14. USADA Prohibited List (S2 peptide hormones) usada.org
  15. WADA S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors and Related Substances — Drugs.com drugs.com
  16. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 — Andrew V. Schally nobelprize.org

HCG 10

  1. FDA-approved label, Pregnyl (chorionic gonadotropin) — DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  2. FDA-approved label PDF, Pregnyl (Organon) organon.com
  3. FDA — Questions and Answers on HCG Products for Weight Loss fda.gov
  4. Lijesen GKJ, et al. The effect of hCG in the treatment of obesity by means of the Simeons therapy: a criteria-based meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;40(3):237–243. PMID 8527285 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Liu PY, et al. Induction of spermatogenesis and fertility during gonadotropin treatment of gonadotropin-deficient infertile men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(3):801–808. PMID 19066302 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Hsieh TC, et al. Concomitant intramuscular hCG preserves spermatogenesis in men undergoing testosterone replacement therapy. J Urol. 2013;189(2):647–650. PMID 23260550 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Casarini L, et al. Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(5):549–592 academic.oup.com
  8. WADA 2026 Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  9. USADA — 6 Things to Know About Peptide Hormones and Releasing Factors usada.org
  10. Cornell LII — 21 U.S. Code § 333 (Penalties; HGH subsection (e)) law.cornell.edu

Hexarelin 19

  1. Imbimbo BP, et al. Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin in humans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1994. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Massoud AF, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CGD. Hexarelin-induced growth hormone, cortisol, and prolactin release. JCEM. 1996;81(12). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Broglio F, et al. Cardiac effects of hexarelin. Endocrine. 2001;14(1):105. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Rahim A, O'Neill PA, Shalet SM. Desensitization to hexarelin over 16 weeks. JCEM. 1998;83(5):1644-1649. academic.oup.com
  5. Rahim A, O'Neill PA, Shalet SM. Chronic hexarelin and the pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;50(1):77-84. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Orkin R, et al. Rapid desensitization of the GHS receptor in vitro. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26(8):743-747. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Bresciani E, et al. Age-dependent GHS-R1a mRNA regulation by hexarelin. Neuroendocrinology. 2004;80(1):52-59. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Deghenghi R. The development of "impervious peptides" as growth hormone secretagogues. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1997;423:85-87. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Tivesten Å, et al. Hexarelin improves cardiac function after experimental MI in rats. Endocrinology. 2000. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Locatelli V, et al. GH-independent cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in rats. Endocrinology. 1999. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. McDonald H, et al. Hexarelin preserves function and reduces fibrosis in mouse MI. Physiol Rep. 2018. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Agbo P, et al. Hexarelin modulates PTEN to attenuate heart failure in rats. Turk J Med Sci. 2019. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. Bodart V, et al. CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of GH-releasing peptides in the heart. Circ Res. ahajournals.org
  14. Examorelin (hexarelin) — overview. en.wikipedia.org
  15. Medscape — New FDA Orphan Drugs (ARD-07 designation, May 14, 2007). medscape.com
  16. Drugs.com — Macrilen (macimorelin) approval history (Dec 20, 2017). drugs.com
  17. Macimorelin — overview. en.wikipedia.org
  18. World Anti-Doping Agency — 2026 Prohibited List (S2.2.4; names examorelin/hexarelin). wada-ama.org
  19. Drugs.com — WADA S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors and Related Substances. drugs.com

Humanin 6

  1. Hashimoto T, et al. A rescue factor abolishing neuronal cell death by a wide spectrum of familial Alzheimer's disease genes and Abeta. PNAS 2001;98(11):6336–41 (PMID: 11371646) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Yen K, et al. Humanin Prevents Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Mice and is Associated with Improved Cognitive Age in Humans. Scientific Reports 2018;8:14212 (PMID: 30242290; PMC6154958) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Qin Q, et al. Chronic treatment with the mitochondrial peptide humanin prevents age-related myocardial fibrosis in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018;315(5):H1127–H1136 (PMID: 30004252) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Yen K, et al. The mitochondrial derived peptide humanin is a regulator of lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12(12):11185–11199 (DOI: 10.18632/aging.103534) aging-us.com
  5. Karachaliou C-E, Livaniou E. Neuroprotective Action of Humanin and Humanin Analogues: Research Findings and Perspectives. Biology (Basel) 2023;12(12):1534 (PMC10740898) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. WADA 2026 Prohibited List — World Anti-Doping Agency wada-ama.org

IGF-1 DES 8

  1. Des(1-3)IGF-I: a truncated form of insulin-like growth factor-I (Ballard et al., 1996) — PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. IGF-I and especially IGF-I variants are anabolic in dexamethasone-treated rats (Tomas et al., 1992) — PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 in bovine colostrum: sequences and biological activities compared with a potent truncated form (Francis et al., 1988) — PMC pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. IGF-1 and the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List — USADA usada.org
  5. The Prohibited List — World Anti-Doping Agency wada-ama.org
  6. Determination of LongR3-IGF-I, R3-IGF-I, Des1-3 IGF-I and their metabolites in human plasma by LC-MS (Höppner et al., 2017) — PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Detection of LongR3-IGF-I, Des(1-3)-IGF-I, and R3-IGF-I using immunopurification and high resolution mass spectrometry for anti-doping purposes (Mongongu et al., 2021) — Drug Testing and Analysis analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  8. WADA publishes Prohibited List 2026 (semaglutide and tirzepatide on the 2026 Monitoring Program) — NADA nada.de

IGF-1 LR3 6

  1. IGF-1 and the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List — USADA usada.org
  2. WADA Statement on the prohibited substance IGF-1 — World Anti-Doping Agency wada-ama.org
  3. INCRELEX (mecasermin) injection — FDA prescribing information accessdata.fda.gov
  4. Increlex (mecasermin) FDA Approval History — Drugs.com drugs.com
  5. LONG R3 IGF-I Cell Culture Supplement — Repligen repligen.com
  6. SAFC Biosciences Launches LONG R3 IGF-I as a Critical Raw Material for Industrial Cell Culture — BioSpace biospace.com

Insulin 11

  1. Ip EJ, Barnett MJ, Tenerowicz MJ, Perry PJ. "Weightlifting's risky new trend: a case series of 41 insulin users." Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11(4):176-9. PMID 22777326 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Heidet M, et al. "Severe Hypoglycemia Due to Cryptic Insulin Use in a Bodybuilder." J Emerg Med. 2019;56(3):279-281. PMID 30527564 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Evans PJ, Lynch RM. "Insulin as a drug of abuse in body building." Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(4):356-7. PMID 12893725; PMCID PMC1724679 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Thomas A, Benzenberg L, Bally L, Thevis M. "Facilitated Qualitative Determination of Insulin, Its Synthetic Analogs, and C-Peptide in Human Urine by Means of LC–HRMS." Metabolites. 2021;11(5):309. PMCID PMC8151387 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. NobelPrize.org — "The 'miracle' discovery that reversed the diabetes death sentence" (insulin discovery and the 1923 Nobel Prize) nobelprize.org
  6. UMass Chan Medical School — Leonard Thompson, first human insulin injection (Jan 1922) umassmed.edu
  7. UMass Chan Medical School — Banting & Best isolate insulin (1921) umassmed.edu
  8. American Council on Science and Health — record-time 1982 FDA approval of recombinant human insulin (Humulin) acsh.org
  9. BioSpace — first recombinant insulin (Humulin), Genentech/Eli Lilly biospace.com
  10. WADA — The Prohibited List (official) wada-ama.org
  11. Drugs.com — WADA S4 Hormone and Metabolic Modulators (insulins/insulin-mimetics under S4.4.2; prohibited at all times) drugs.com

Ipamorelin 6

  1. Gobburu JV, Agersø H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. link.springer.com
  2. Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. link.springer.com
  3. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00672074 — Ipamorelin for postoperative ileus (Phase 2) clinicaltrials.gov
  4. FDA — Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (interim 503A Category 2) fda.gov
  5. World Anti-Doping Agency — The Prohibited List (S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics) wada-ama.org
  6. Ipamorelin — Wikipedia (structure, development history, selectivity) en.wikipedia.org

Kisspeptin-10 15

  1. George et al., JCEM 2011 (Kp-10 in men) academic.oup.com
  2. Jayasena et al., JCEM 2011 (sexual dimorphism of Kp-10) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Dhillo et al., JCEM 2005 (kisspeptin-54, first human study) academic.oup.com
  4. Structure-activity relationship study (Mol Pharmacol) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Kisspeptin history and nomenclature (PMC review) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. KISS1R receptor pharmacology (Guide to Pharmacology) guidetopharmacology.org
  7. Abbara et al., JCEM 2015 (kisspeptin-54 IVF Phase 2) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Abbara et al., Human Reproduction 2017 (second-dose RCT) academic.oup.com
  9. Thurston et al., JAMA Network Open 2022 (women, HSDD) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Mills et al., JAMA Network Open 2023 (men, HSDD) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Velmurugan et al., systematic review 2025 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, October 29, 2024 meeting fda.gov
  13. FDA meeting materials fda.gov
  14. PCAC votes against four nominated bulk drug substances a4pc.org
  15. USADA: key changes to the 2024 Prohibited List usada.org

KPV 13

  1. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation (Dalmasso et al., Gastroenterology 2008) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of IBD (Kannengiesser et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008) academic.oup.com
  3. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-MSH peptides (Getting et al., JPET 2003) jpet.aspetjournals.org
  4. Anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-MSH related peptides beyond the pharmacophore (Brzoska et al., Adv Exp Med Biol 2010) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Antiinflammatory activity of a COOH-terminal fragment of alpha-MSH (Hiltz & Lipton, FASEB J 1989) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. HA-functionalized KPV-loaded nanoparticles for oral delivery in ulcerative colitis (Xiao et al., Molecular Therapy 2017) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of KPV across microporated human skin (Pawar et al., J Pharm Sci 2017) sciencedirect.com
  8. Alpha-MSH and related peptides: antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory review (Singh & Mukhopadhyay, BioMed Res Int 2014) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  9. The melanocortin system in inflammatory bowel disease (Gravina et al., Cells 2023) mdpi.com
  10. July 23–24, 2026 Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (FDA) fda.gov
  11. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee Notice of Meeting (Federal Register, docket FDA-2025-N-6895) federalregister.gov
  12. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (FDA) fda.gov
  13. WADA's 2026 Prohibited List now in force (World Anti-Doping Agency) wada-ama.org

Letrozole 10

  1. Legro RS et al., 2014 — Letrozole versus Clomiphene for Infertility in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, N Engl J Med 371:119-129 (PMID 25006718) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Goss PE et al., 2016 — Extending Aromatase-Inhibitor Adjuvant Therapy to 10 Years (MA.17R), N Engl J Med 375:209-219 (PMID 27264120) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Thürlimann B et al. (BIG 1-98), 2005 — A Comparison of Letrozole and Tamoxifen in Postmenopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer, N Engl J Med 353:2747-2757 (PMID 16382061) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Cohen MH et al., 2002 — Approval Summary: Letrozole in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women with Advanced Breast Cancer, Clin Cancer Res 8(3):665-669 aacrjournals.org
  5. Cohen MH et al., 2011 — Approval Summary: Letrozole (Femara) for Adjuvant and Extended Adjuvant Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Treatment, The Oncologist (PMC3248775) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. FDA — FEMARA (letrozole) tablets, prescribing information (2024 label) accessdata.fda.gov
  7. WADA — The Prohibited List (S4 Hormone and Metabolic Modulators) wada-ama.org
  8. USADA — Athlete Advisory: What's New on the 2026 WADA Prohibited List? (α-naphthoflavone and BAM15 added to S4) usada.org
  9. Letrozole — mechanism and approval overview (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org
  10. 2,4-Dinitrophenol — 1938 FDA action, uncoupling mechanism, fatal hyperthermia, no antidote (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org

LGD-3303 5

  1. Vajda EG, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LGD-3303, an orally available nonsteroidal-selective androgen receptor modulator. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;328(2):663-670 (PMID 19017848) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Vajda EG, et al. Combination treatment with a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) and a bisphosphonate has additive effects in osteopenic female rats. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(2):231-240 (PMID 18847323) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Broberg MN, et al. Equine in vivo metabolite profiling of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD-3303 for doping control. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2023;233:115468 (PMID 37224728) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. USADA — Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs), a Prohibited Class of Anabolic Agents (WADA S1.2; prohibited at all times) usada.org
  5. WADA — The Prohibited List (official) wada-ama.org

Ligandrol 8

  1. Basaria S, et al. The safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects of LGD-4033 in healthy young men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013 (PMID 22459616) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Flores JE, et al. Ligandrol (LGD-4033)-Induced Liver Injury. ACG Case Reports J. 2020 (PMC7304490) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. LGD-4033 and a Case of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Cureus 2024 (PMID 39421081) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. FDA consumer warning, Oct 31, 2017 — Certain bodybuilding products put consumers at risk fda.gov
  5. USADA — SARMs: Prohibited Class, Anabolic Agents usada.org
  6. WADA — The Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  7. Viking Therapeutics — VK5211 Phase 2 top-line results (company press release, 2017) prnewswire.com
  8. GW501516 — development history, PPARδ mechanism, 2006–2007 discontinuation over rodent carcinogenicity (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org

Liothyronine 11

  1. FDA Cytomel (liothyronine sodium) Prescribing Information — DailyMed (boxed warning, indications, NDA 010379, 1956 approval) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Bahl S, et al. 2025 — Risk of Death and Adverse Effects in Patients on Liothyronine: A Multisource Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 110(11):3278–3288 (PMID 40795305; DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgaf449) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Gild ML, et al. 2022 — Thyroid Hormone Abuse in Elite Sports: The Regulatory Challenge, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107(9):e3562–e3573 (PMID 35438767; DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgac223) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Collet TH, et al. 2012 — Subclinical Hyperthyroidism and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality, Arch Intern Med 172(10):799–809 (PMID 22529182) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Blum MR, et al. 2015 — Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and Fracture Risk: A Meta-analysis, JAMA 313(20):2055–2065 (PMID 25988595) jamanetwork.com
  6. Grozinsky-Glasberg S, et al. 2006 — Thyroxine-Triiodothyronine Combination Therapy Versus Thyroxine Monotherapy for Clinical Hypothyroidism: Meta-Analysis of RCTs, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(7):2592–2599 academic.oup.com
  7. Fischman A, Domínguez JM 2018 — Combined therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine for hypothyroidism, Medwave (PMID 30550536) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. WADA — The 2026 Prohibited List PDF (thyroid hormones not prohibited; in force 1 Jan 2026) wada-ama.org
  9. WADA — "WADA's 2026 Prohibited List is now in force" wada-ama.org
  10. ATSDR — Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols (DNP lethality contrast) atsdr.cdc.gov
  11. 2,4-Dinitrophenol — overview en.wikipedia.org

Liraglutide 16

  1. Marso SP et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (LEADER). New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Pi-Sunyer X et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management (SCALE). New England Journal of Medicine, 2015 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Tamborlane WV et al. Liraglutide in Children and Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes (Ellipse). New England Journal of Medicine, 2019 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Liraglutide phase 3 (LEAD) programme overview. PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. LEAD 1–5 overview. PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Armstrong MJ et al. Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN). The Lancet, 2016 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Femminella GD et al. Liraglutide in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a phase 2b clinical trial (ELAD). Nature Medicine, 2025 (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Egan AG et al. Pancreatic Safety of Incretin-Based Drugs — FDA and EMA Assessment. New England Journal of Medicine, 2014 nejm.org
  9. Jensen TM et al. Is There a Link Between Liraglutide and Pancreatitis? Diabetes Care, 2015 diabetesjournals.org
  10. Funch D et al. Claims-based assessment of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer risk with liraglutide. PubMed, 2014 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Victoza label and boxed warning. DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Novo Nordisk receives FDA approval for Saxenda (December 23, 2014). GlobeNewswire globenewswire.com
  13. Victoza approval history. Drugs.com drugs.com
  14. Knudsen LB, Lau J. The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 2019 pubs.acs.org
  15. GLP-1 receptor agonists monitored at the 2026 Winter Olympics. EMJ Reviews emjreviews.com
  16. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org

LL-37 15

  1. Discovery of FALL-39/LL-37 (Agerberth, PNAS 1995) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. UniProt P49913 — human cathelicidin (CAMP) precursor rest.uniprot.org
  3. NMR structure, helix-break-helix conformation (PMC5873590) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. FPR2/FPRL1 receptor for LL-37 (De Yang, J Exp Med 2000) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Phase I/IIa venous leg ulcer trial (Grönberg, 2014, PMID 25041740) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  6. Phase IIb venous leg ulcer trial, negative primary endpoint (Mahlapuu, 2021, PMC9298190) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Melanoma Phase 1/2 intratumoral study (NCT02225366) clinicaltrials.gov
  8. Dermatologic toxicity case report (Dolkar, 2018, PMID 29665030) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. LL-37, self-DNA, TLR9 and psoriasis mechanism (PMC3346901) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. LL-37 dual role in cancer review (PMC9445486) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. LL-37 and melanoma local invasion (PMC10046113) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. FDA 503A bulk drug substances framework fda.gov
  13. FDA 2026 peptide reclassification analysis (Frier Levitt) frierlevitt.com
  14. FDA removal of 12 peptides from Category 2 (Orrick) orrick.com
  15. WADA 2026 Prohibited List wada-ama.org

Mazdutide 17

  1. Mazdutide. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org
  2. Mazdutide (IBI362) Phase 1b in Chinese adults with overweight/obesity. eClinicalMedicine, 2022. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Mazdutide Phase 2 in obesity/overweight. Nature Communications, 2023. nature.com
  4. Mazdutide Phase 2 in obesity/overweight (PubMed record). 2023. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2023/2024. diabetesjournals.org
  6. Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Type 2 Diabetes (full text). Diabetes Care. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Phase 3 GLORY-1 study of mazdutide published in NEJM. Innovent/PRNewswire, 2025. prnewswire.com
  8. Mazdutide 9 mg achieves up to 20.1% weight loss (GLORY-2). PRNewswire, 2025. prnewswire.com
  9. Two Phase 3 results of mazdutide in type 2 diabetes published back-to-back in Nature (DREAMS-1/-2). PRNewswire, 2025. prnewswire.com
  10. Mazdutide shows superiority over semaglutide in head-to-head Phase 3 (DREAMS-3). PRNewswire, 2025. prnewswire.com
  11. Mazdutide receives NMPA approval for chronic weight management. Innovent/PRNewswire, 2025. prnewswire.com
  12. Mazdutide receives NMPA approval for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Innovent/PRNewswire, 2025. prnewswire.com
  13. China approval for Lilly and Innovent's mazdutide breaks new class of GLP-1 obesity drugs. Fierce Pharma. fiercepharma.com
  14. Innovent enters licensing agreement with Lilly (2019). PRNewswire. prnewswire.com
  15. Mazdutide improves diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction in db/db mice. eBioMedicine, 2025. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  16. WADA Prohibited List. World Anti-Doping Agency. wada-ama.org
  17. Ozempic on WADA's Monitoring List for 2025. SwimSwam. swimswam.com

Melanotan II 8

  1. Wessells H, et al. Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study. J Urol. 1998. PMID 9679884 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Wessells H, et al. Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan II. Int J Impot Res. 2000. PMID 11035391 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Wessells H, et al. Effect of an alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog on penile erection and sexual desire in men with organic erectile dysfunction. Urology. 2000. PMID 11018622 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. DermNet NZ — Melanotan II dermnetnz.org
  5. Therapeutic Goods Administration (Australia) — Don't risk using tanning products containing melanotan tga.gov.au
  6. Nelson ME, Bryant SM, Aks SE. Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis. Clin Toxicol. 2012. PMID 23121206 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Cancer Research UK — Tanning, fake tan and Melanotan (UK/MHRA warnings) cancerresearchuk.org
  8. FDA — Vyleesi (bremelanotide) approval letter, NDA 210557, June 2019 accessdata.fda.gov

Mesterolone 11

  1. Mesterolone — Wikipedia (chemistry, 1α-methyl-DHT, non-aromatizing, high SHBG affinity, Schering/Proviron ~1967, never marketed in US, Schedule III) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Mesterolone — DrugBank (DB13587) go.drugbank.com
  3. Gerris J et al. Placebo-controlled trial of high-dose mesterolone treatment of idiopathic male infertility. Fertil Steril. 1991 (PMID 1900485) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. WHO Task Force. Mesterolone and idiopathic male infertility: a double-blind study. Int J Androl. 1989 (PMID 2680994) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Guillon G. Experience with mesterolone in male fertility disorders. Z Hautkr. 1975 (uncontrolled case series; PMID 1226948) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Itil TM et al. The effects of mesterolone in depressed patients (double-blind controlled study). Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1984 (PMID 6431212) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Seidman SN et al. Testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men with major depressive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 (PMID 11465516) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. WADA — The Prohibited List (2026; S1 anabolic agents; S4 hormone & metabolic modulators) wada-ama.org
  9. 2,4-Dinitrophenol — Wikipedia (FDA "unfit for human consumption"; uncoupler; fatal hyperthermia; no antidote) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Runaway uncoupling in 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning: clinical and mitochondrial observations from two cases (PMC) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols, Health Effects — NCBI Bookshelf (ATSDR) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Methandrostenolone 12

  1. Hervey et al. "'Anabolic' effects of methandienone in men undergoing athletic training." Lancet. 1976;2(7988):699-702. PMID 61389. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Hervey et al. "Effects of methandienone on the performance and body composition of men undergoing athletic training." Clin Sci (Lond). 1981;60(4):457-461. PMID 7018798. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Bhasin S, et al. "The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men." N Engl J Med. 1996;335(1):1-7. PMID 8637535. (Class-level context, not methandrostenolone-specific.) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. NIH LiverTox. "Androgenic Steroids." Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf NBK548931. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. 21 U.S.C. § 802 — definition of "anabolic steroid" (methandienone enumerated). Cornell LII. law.cornell.edu
  6. 21 CFR § 1308.13 — Schedule III; enumerated anabolic steroids. Cornell LII. law.cornell.edu
  7. 21 U.S.C. § 333 — penalties; § 333(e) governs human growth hormone. Cornell LII. law.cornell.edu
  8. Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-358 (full text). govinfo. govinfo.gov
  9. WADA 2026 Prohibited List (International Standard, effective 1 Jan 2026). wada-ama.org
  10. WADA 2026 Prohibited List (resource landing page). wada-ama.org
  11. USADA. "Athlete Advisory: What's New on the 2026 WADA Prohibited List?" usada.org
  12. Metandienone — Wikipedia (background/history aggregation). en.wikipedia.org

Methasterone 9

  1. Shah NL et al. 2008 — methasteron-associated cholestatic liver injury, 5 cases (PMID 18187367) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Kafrouni MI, Anders RA, Verma S 2007 — hepatotoxicity from anabolic-steroid dietary supplements (PMID 17509944) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Jasiurkowski B et al. 2006 — cholestatic jaundice and IgA nephropathy from Superdrol (PMID 16952289) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Nasr J, Ahmad J 2009 — severe cholestasis and renal failure with Superdrol/methasteron (PMID 18720005) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. NIH LiverTox — Androgenic Steroids (discusses methasteron/Superdrol) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. DEA Final Rule 2012 — Prostanozol and Methasterone scheduled as Schedule III (Federal Register, July 30, 2012) federalregister.gov
  7. DEA — Implementation of the Designer Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2014 (Federal Register, August 1, 2023) federalregister.gov
  8. WADA — The 2026 Prohibited List (methasterone under S1.1 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids) wada-ama.org
  9. Methasterone — overview, chemistry, and history (Syntex origin; drostanolone/Masteron parent) en.wikipedia.org

Methenolone 15

  1. Kaltwasser JP et al. Effect of androgens on the response to antithymocyte globulin in patients with aplastic anaemia. Eur J Haematol. 1988 (PMID 3278927) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Lockner D. Treatment of refractory anemias with methenolone. Acta Med Scand. 1979 (PMID 367090) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Palva IP, Wasastjerna C. Treatment of aplastic anaemia with methenolone. Acta Haematol. 1972 (PMID 4623546) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Krug K. Pathophysiology of aplastic anemia and its treatment with methenolone enanthate. Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1980 (PMID 7467606) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Kennedy BJ, Yarbro JW. Effect of methenolone enanthate (NSC-64967) in advanced cancer of the breast. Cancer. 1968 (PMID 4952912) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Metenolone — Wikipedia (chemistry/pharmacology overview) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Metenolone enanthate — Wikipedia (history, brands, indications) en.wikipedia.org
  8. 21 CFR 1308.13 (Schedule III; anabolic steroids as a class at subsection (f)) law.cornell.edu
  9. 21 USC 802(41) (federal definition of "anabolic steroid," naming methenolone) law.cornell.edu
  10. WADA Prohibited List (S1 Anabolic Agents) wada-ama.org
  11. WADA S1 Anabolic Agents (reference summary) drugs.com
  12. WADA S2 Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors (reference summary) drugs.com
  13. Liu JD, Wu YQ. Anabolic-androgenic steroids and cardiovascular risk. Chin Med J (Engl). 2019 (PMID 31478927) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  14. Hartgens F et al. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids on apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a). Br J Sports Med. 2004 (PMID 15155420) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  15. Impact of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse on the Cardiovascular System: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Methylene Blue 8

  1. ProvayBlue (methylene blue) injection — FDA prescribing information accessdata.fda.gov
  2. FDA approval letter, ProvayBlue (2016) accessdata.fda.gov
  3. FDA Drug Safety Communication on serotonergic CNS reactions (linezolid/methylene blue, 2011) fda.gov
  4. Rodriguez P, et al. Multimodal Randomized Functional MR Imaging of the Effects of Methylene Blue in the Human Brain. Radiology. 2016 pubs.rsna.org
  5. PubMed record for the Rodriguez et al. Radiology study pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Gauthier S, et al. Phase 3 trial of LMTM (TRx0237) in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 2016 thelancet.com
  7. WADA 2026 Prohibited List (methylene blue absent / not prohibited) wada-ama.org
  8. DEA Controlled Substance Schedules (methylene blue not listed) deadiversion.usdoj.gov

MGF 8

  1. Kandalla et al. 2011, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development — MGF E-peptide in human muscle cell cultures (PMID 21354439) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Tang et al. 2017, Molecular Brain — MGF and neural stem-cell proliferation in aging mouse brain (PMID 28683812) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Schlegel et al. 2013, PLoS One — IGF-1Ec/MGF in the growth plate; no proliferative effect (PMID 24146828) journals.plos.org
  4. Riddoch-Contreras et al. 2009, Experimental Neurology — MGF rescues motoneurons in SOD1(G93A) mice (PMID 19038252) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. WADA 2026 Prohibited List (Section S2) wada-ama.org
  6. WADA S2 detail — peptide hormones, growth factors and related substances (names MGFs) drugs.com
  7. USADA — IGF-1 and the WADA Prohibited List (S2, prohibited at all times) usada.org
  8. WADA 2026 Monitoring Program — GLP-1s monitored, not prohibited (PDF) wada-ama.org

MK-677 18

  1. Patchett AA, et al. PNAS 1995;92(15):7001–7005 pnas.org
  2. Patchett 1995 — full text (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Nass R, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(9):601–611 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Sevigny JJ, et al. Neurology. 2008;71(21):1702–1708 neurology.org
  5. Adunsky A, et al. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53(2):183–189 sciencedirect.com
  6. Svensson J, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(2):362–369 academic.oup.com
  7. Copinschi G, et al. Neuroendocrinology. 1997;66(4):278–286 karger.com
  8. Murphy MG, et al. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(7):1182–1188 onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  9. MK-0677 in 5XFAD Alzheimer's mouse model (2018, PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Lumos Pharma — LUM-201 pipeline lumos-pharma.com
  11. Healio — LUM-201 Phase 2 coverage (2024) healio.com
  12. FDA — Warning letter, Warrior Labz SARMS (06/12/2023) fda.gov
  13. FDA — Warning letter, Agebox Inc. (12/19/2025) fda.gov
  14. FDA — consumer alert, Agebox iKids Growth Day Formula fda.gov
  15. DoD Operation Supplement Safety — MK-677 (Ibutamoren) opss.org
  16. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  17. USADA — key changes to the 2024 Prohibited List usada.org
  18. Ibutamoren — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org

MOTS-c 5

  1. Lee C, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metabolism, 2015 (PMID: 25738459) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. MOTS-c: a promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation (review, Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2023; PMC9905433) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Kim KH, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c is a regulator of plasma metabolites and enhances insulin sensitivity (rodent study, Physiological Reports, 2019; PMC6640593) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. What is the MOTS-c peptide? — USADA usada.org
  5. WADA Prohibited List — World Anti-Doping Agency wada-ama.org

Nandrolone 13

  1. Johansen KL, Mulligan K, Schambelan M — anabolic effects of nandrolone decanoate in dialysis patients, RCT (JAMA 1999; PMID 10208142) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Storer TW et al. — nandrolone decanoate in HIV-infected men with weight loss, RCT with rhGH reference (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; PMID 15914526) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Mulligan K et al. — nandrolone decanoate in HIV-infected women with weight loss, RCT (Arch Intern Med 2005; PMID 15767536) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Prokopidis K et al. — nandrolone decanoate on strength, body composition, and bone density: systematic review/meta-analysis (J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2026; DOI 10.1002/jcsm.70276) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  5. Glazer G, Suchman AL — lack of demonstrated effect of nandrolone on serum lipids (Metabolism 1994; PMID 8121303) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. NIH LiverTox — Androgenic Steroids (NCBI Bookshelf NBK548931) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. FDA Federal Register — Deca-Durabolin not withdrawn for reasons of safety or effectiveness (2010) federalregister.gov
  8. DailyMed — Nandrolone Decanoate Injection USP (C-III) prescribing information dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  9. 21 U.S.C. § 802(41) — statutory definition of "anabolic steroid" listing nandrolone (Cornell LII) law.cornell.edu
  10. Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 (S.2195, 108th Congress), full text govtrack.us
  11. Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 — Schedule III placement en.wikipedia.org
  12. Nandrolone — chemistry, progestogenic activity, 5α-reduction to DHN, reduced aromatization en.wikipedia.org
  13. 17α-Alkylated anabolic steroid — basis of oral AAS hepatotoxicity (nandrolone is non-alkylated) en.wikipedia.org

NMN 6

  1. Yoshino M, et al. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. PMID 33888596 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Irie J, et al. Endocr J. 2020;67(2):153-160. PMID 31685720 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Liao B, et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):54. PMID 34238308 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Mills KF, et al. Cell Metab. 2016;24(6):795-806. PMID 28068222 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. de Picciotto NE, et al. Aging Cell. 2016;15(3):522-530. PMID 26970090 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Grozio A, et al. Nat Metab. 2019;1(1):47-57. PMID 31131364 (transporter claim contested — rebuttal PMID 32694650; Author Correction PMID 32694647) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Orforglipron 16

  1. FDA approves first new molecular entity under National Priority Voucher program fda.gov
  2. FDA label — Foundayo (orforglipron), application #220934 accessdata.fda.gov
  3. Eli Lilly — FDA approves Foundayo (orforglipron), the only GLP-1 pill investor.lilly.com
  4. AJMC — FDA approves Lilly's oral GLP-1 orforglipron for obesity ajmc.com
  5. Phase 2 trial — Daily Oral GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Orforglipron for Adults with Obesity (NEJM 2023) nejm.org
  6. ATTAIN-1 (NEJM 2025; NCT05869903) nejm.org
  7. ATTAIN-2 (The Lancet 2025; NCT05872620) thelancet.com
  8. ATTAIN-MAINTAIN (Nature Medicine) nature.com
  9. ACHIEVE-3 vs oral semaglutide — Lilly readout investor.lilly.com
  10. Phase 1a (PMID 37344954) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Phase 1b in type 2 diabetes (PMID 37264711) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Comprehensive review (Int J Mol Sci 2026, PMC12898445) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. WADA 2026 Prohibited List now in force wada-ama.org
  14. WADA 2026 Monitoring Program (primary document) wada-ama.org
  15. EMJ — GLP-1 RAs monitored at 2026 Winter Olympics emjreviews.com
  16. Brabners — Weight-loss drugs in sport (sports-law analysis) brabners.com

Ostarine 17

  1. Dobs AS et al., Lancet Oncology 2013 (PMID 23499390) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Crawford J et al., POWER trials design, Current Oncology Reports 2016 (PMID 27138015) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. POWER trials design (PMC4853438) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Palmieri C et al., Enobosarm in AR+/ER+/HER2− advanced breast cancer, Lancet Oncology 2024;25(3):317–325 thelancet.com
  5. Bedi H et al., Drug-Induced Liver Injury From Enobosarm (Ostarine), ACG Case Reports Journal 2021 (PMID 34368386) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Bedi et al. (PMC8337042) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Nash E et al., DILI from SARMs/AAS/bodybuilding supplements, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024 onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  8. Van Wagoner RM et al., Chemical Composition and Labeling of Substances Marketed as SARMs, JAMA 2017 (PMID 29183075) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. FDA, "Certain Bodybuilding Products Put Consumers at Risk…" fda.gov
  10. FDA In Brief, "FDA warns against using SARMs in body-building products" fda.gov
  11. SARMs Control Act of 2019 (S.2895, 116th Congress) congress.gov
  12. SARMs Control Act of 2018 (S.2742, 115th Congress) congress.gov
  13. USADA, "Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)" usada.org
  14. USADA, "What Should Tested Athletes Know About GW1516?" usada.org
  15. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  16. GW501516 overview (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org
  17. Enobosarm overview (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org

Oxandrolone 12

  1. FDA Oxandrin label (oxandrolone tablets, USP) accessdata.fda.gov
  2. NIH LiverTox — Androgenic/Anabolic Steroids ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. StatPearls — Anabolic Steroids (NCBI Bookshelf) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Wolf SE et al. 2006 — oxandrolone in severely burned, multicenter RCT (PMID 16566555) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Przkora R, Herndon DN, Suman OE 2007 — oxandrolone + exercise in burned children (PMID 17130281) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Hart DW et al. 2001 — anabolic effects of oxandrolone after severe burn (PMID 11303139) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Oxandrolone for burn patients, 2025 systematic review/meta-analysis (World J Emerg Surg) link.springer.com
  8. Berger JR et al. 1996 — oxandrolone in AIDS-wasting myopathy (PMID 8970686) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Grunfeld C et al. 2006 — oxandrolone in HIV-associated weight loss in men, RCT (PMID 16540931) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Gault EJ et al. 2021 — UK Turner syndrome RCT, oxandrolone effect on final height (PMID 31862699) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Meta-analysis — oxandrolone + GH on adult height in Turner syndrome (PMID 26322078 / PMC4551522) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. WADA Prohibited List (oxandrolone under S1.1 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids) wada-ama.org

Oxymetholone 14

  1. Anadrol-50 (oxymetholone) FDA prescribing information — RxList rxlist.com
  2. Anadrol-50 (oxymetholone) label via DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Pavlatos AM et al. 2001 — Review of oxymetholone, a 17α-alkylated AAS (Clin Ther; PMID 11440282) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Hengge UR et al. 1996 — oxymetholone promotes weight gain in advanced HIV-1 infection (Br J Nutr; PMID 8785183) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Hengge UR et al. 2003 — double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial of oxymetholone for HIV wasting (AIDS; PMID 12646793) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Hengge UR et al. 2003 — oxymetholone for HIV-wasting, phase III trial in eugonadal men and women (HIV Clin Trials; PMID 12815555) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Aramwit P et al. 2009 — oxymetholone ameliorates insulin sensitivity in maintenance hemodialysis patients, RCT (Clin Nephrol; PMID 19356374) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. NIH LiverTox — Androgenic Steroids (hepatotoxicity of 17α-alkylated AAS) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. WADA Prohibited List (oxymetholone under S1.1 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids; prohibited at all times) wada-ama.org
  10. Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-358 congress.gov
  11. 21 U.S.C. 802 — definition of anabolic steroid (§802(41)) law.cornell.edu
  12. 21 U.S.C. 333 — penalties (HGH at §333(e)) law.cornell.edu
  13. Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 (H.R. 4658, 101st Congress) congress.gov
  14. Federal Register — Implementation of the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 federalregister.gov

Oxytocin 25

  1. Oxytocin (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Gimpl & Fahrenholz, Physiological Reviews 2001 journals.physiology.org
  3. Oxytocin (StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Pitocin label, DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  5. FDA Pitocin label, NDA 018261 (2021) accessdata.fda.gov
  6. Salati et al., Cochrane Review 2019 (CD001808.pub3) cochranelibrary.com
  7. Salati et al. 2019 (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines who.int
  9. Sikich et al., SOARS-B, NEJM 2021 (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. SOARS-B design paper (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. SOARS-B trial registration, NCT01944046 clinicaltrials.gov
  12. Keech et al., meta-analysis 2018 (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. Hofmann et al. 2015 retraction/replacement notice (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  14. Leng & Ludwig, "Myths and Delusions," 2016 (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  15. Statistical power of oxytocin studies (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  16. Oxytocin study power analysis (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  17. Animal pair-bonding literature (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  18. MacDonald et al., safety review 2011 (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  19. Cai et al., long-term autism safety 2018 onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  20. Retrophin/Novartis Syntocinon nasal spray license, 2013 ir.travere.com
  21. Oxytocin (Encyclopaedia Britannica) britannica.com
  22. Vincent du Vigneaud (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org
  23. du Vigneaud Nobel Lecture, 1955 nobelprize.org
  24. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  25. WADA S2 peptide hormones category (Drugs.com) drugs.com

PT-141 8

  1. FDA approves new treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women (FDA news release, 2019) fda.gov
  2. VYLEESI (bremelanotide injection) Prescribing Information, DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Simon JA et al. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials (Obstet Gynecol, 2019), PubMed 31599840 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Bremelanotide — LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf (NBK573221) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Diamond LE et al. Intranasal PT-141 in healthy males and patients with erectile dysfunction, PubMed 14963471 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Palatin Completes Sale of Vyleesi to Cosette Pharmaceuticals (December 2023) streetinsider.com
  7. WADA's 2026 Prohibited List is now in force, World Anti-Doping Agency wada-ama.org
  8. Athlete Advisory: What's New on the 2026 WADA Prohibited List? (USADA) usada.org

Raloxifene 13

  1. Ettinger B et al., 1999 — MORE trial, reduction of vertebral fracture risk with raloxifene, JAMA 282(7):637-645 (PMID 10517716) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Barrett-Connor E et al., 2006 — RUTH trial, raloxifene and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women, N Engl J Med 355(2):125-137 (PMID 16837676) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Vogel VG et al., 2010 — STAR / NSABP P-2 updated analysis, raloxifene vs tamoxifen, Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 3(6):696-706 (PMID 20404000) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. FDA-approved EVISTA (raloxifene HCl) label, 2007 accessdata.fda.gov
  5. FDA EVISTA (raloxifene HCl) label, 2018 update accessdata.fda.gov
  6. Raloxifene — StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf, NIH) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Eli Lilly press release — FDA approval of EVISTA for breast-cancer risk reduction (2007) investor.lilly.com
  8. NCI — Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) Q&A cancer.gov
  9. WADA — The Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  10. USADA — 2026 WADA Prohibited List athlete advisory (S4.1 α-naphthoflavone, S4.4 BAM15) usada.org
  11. Sport Integrity Australia — 2026 Prohibited List sportintegrity.gov.au
  12. 2,4-Dinitrophenol — FDA history, mechanism, lethality (Wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org
  13. ACEP Now — case report, hyperthermic death from the diet pill DNP acepnow.com

Retatrutide 7

  1. Jastreboff AM, et al. Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial. NEJM. 2023. nejm.org
  2. Rosenstock J, et al. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 2 trial. The Lancet. 2023. thelancet.com
  3. Sanyal AJ, et al. Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial. Nature Medicine. 2024. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered weight loss of up to an average of 71.2 lbs in first successful Phase 3 trial (TRIUMPH-4). Eli Lilly news release. December 2025. investor.lilly.com
  5. Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered powerful weight loss in pivotal Phase 3 obesity trial (TRIUMPH-1). Eli Lilly news release. May 2026. investor.lilly.com
  6. What to know about retatrutide. Eli Lilly. lilly.com
  7. WADA's 2026 Prohibited List now in force. World Anti-Doping Agency. wada-ama.org

S23 13

  1. Jones A, et al. Endocrinology. 2009;150(1):385–395 (PMID 18772237) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Marhefka CA, et al. J Med Chem. 2004;47(4):993–998 (PMID 14761201) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. FDA: Certain Bodybuilding Products Put Consumers at Risk fda.gov
  4. FDA: SARMs Among Teens, Young Adults (consumer update) fda.gov
  5. FDA warning letter — Infantry Labs LLC (10/23/2017) fda.gov
  6. FDA warning letter — IronMag Labs (10/22/2017) fda.gov
  7. FDA warning letter — Panther Sports Nutrition (10/23/2017) fda.gov
  8. USADA: SARMs — Prohibited Class, Anabolic Agents usada.org
  9. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  10. Congress.gov — SARMs Control Act of 2018 (S.2742) congress.gov
  11. Congress.gov — SARMs Control Act of 2019 (S.2895) congress.gov
  12. GW501516 — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  13. S-23 (drug) — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org

Selank 6

  1. Optimization of the treatment of anxiety disorders with selank (RCT, n=70). Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 2015 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Immunomodulatory effects of selank in patients with anxiety-asthenic disorders. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 2008 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Peptide Selank Enhances the Effect of Diazepam in Reducing Anxiety in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in Rats. Behav Neurol, 2017 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. GABA, Selank, and Olanzapine Affect the Expression of Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission in IMR-32 Cells. Front Pharmacol, 2017 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. WADA Prohibited List (category S0, non-approved substances) wada-ama.org
  6. FDA moves toward easing restrictions on certain peptides. BioPharma Dive, 2026 biopharmadive.com

Semaglutide 7

  1. Wilding JPH et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1). New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 nejm.org
  2. Ryan DH et al. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nature Medicine, 2024 (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2021 (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Semaglutide — StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. FDA Approves First Treatment to Reduce Risk of Serious Heart Problems Specifically in Adults with Obesity or Overweight (Wegovy, March 8, 2024) fda.gov
  6. FDA Approves Oral Semaglutide as First GLP-1 Pill for Weight Loss (OASIS 4). AJMC, 2026 ajmc.com
  7. WADA publishes 2026 Prohibited List wada-ama.org

Semax 9

  1. Semax - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  2. Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study) - PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Semax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbations in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency - PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Semax and Pro-Gly-Pro Activate the Transcription of Neurotrophins and Their Receptor Genes after Cerebral Ischemia - PMC pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting; Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for the 503A List - Federal Register federalregister.gov
  6. FDA considers adding a dozen peptides to its bulk drug compounding list - RAPS raps.org
  7. What FDA's Latest Actions Mean for Peptide Compounding - National Law Review natlawreview.com
  8. The Prohibited List - World Anti-Doping Agency wada-ama.org
  9. WADA Prohibited List - USADA usada.org

Sermorelin 4

  1. Sermorelin — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  2. Determination That GEREF (Sermorelin Acetate) Injection Was Not Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness — Federal Register (2013) federalregister.gov
  3. Prakash A, Goa KL. Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. BioDrugs. 1999;12(2):139-157. (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. WADA Prohibited List (S2. Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics) wada-ama.org

Setmelanotide 15

  1. Setmelanotide — StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf (NBK589641) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Imcivree (setmelanotide) label — DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  3. FDA approves first treatment for weight management for people with certain rare genetic conditions (2020) fda.gov
  4. Clement K et al. Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide in POMC and LEPR deficiency, phase 3. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020. PMID 33137293 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Chen KY et al. RM-493, an MC4R agonist, increases resting energy expenditure in obese individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015. PMID 25675384 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Haqq AM et al. Setmelanotide in Bardet-Biedl syndrome, phase 3. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022. PMID 36356613 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Argente J et al. VENTURE: setmelanotide in children aged 2-5. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024. PMID 39549719 thelancet.com
  8. Structures of active MC4R-Gs complexes with NDP-alpha-MSH and setmelanotide. Cell Research. 2021 (PMC8563958) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. PDB 7PIU — setmelanotide-bound MC4R structure rcsb.org
  10. EMA — Imcivree (setmelanotide) EPAR ema.europa.eu
  11. Rhythm Pharmaceuticals — FDA approval of Imcivree for acquired hypothalamic obesity (19 March 2026) globenewswire.com
  12. Rhythm Pharmaceuticals — original FDA approval of Imcivree (2020) rhythmpharmaceuticals.gcs-web.com
  13. Rhythm Pharmaceuticals — exploratory phase 2 signal in Prader-Willi syndrome (11 December 2025) globenewswire.com
  14. Markham A. Setmelanotide: First Approval. Drugs. 2021 link.springer.com
  15. Setmelanotide — Wikipedia (CAS, formula, code names) en.wikipedia.org

SLU-PP-332 7

  1. Billon C, Sitaula S, Banerjee S, et al. Synthetic ERRα/β/γ Agonist Induces an ERRα-Dependent Acute Aerobic Exercise Response and Enhances Exercise Capacity. ACS Chem Biol. 2023;18(4):756-771. PMID 36988910. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Billon C, Schoepke E, Avdagic A, et al. A Synthetic ERR Agonist Alleviates Metabolic Syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2024;388(2):232-240. PMID 37739806. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Avliyakulov NK, Sobolevsky T, Ahrens E. Analysis and Identification of In Vitro Metabolites of Exercise Mimetic SLU-PP-332 ERRα/β/γ Agonist for Doping-Control Purposes. Drug Test Anal. 2026;18(3):439-450. PMID 41688415. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. SLU-PP-915 follow-up (animal-stage): An orally active estrogen receptor–related receptor agonist, SLU-PP-915, enhances aerobic exercise capacity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2025. PMID 41421047. jpet.aspetjournals.org
  5. Möller et al. In Vitro Metabolism and Analytical Characterization of SLU-PP-332 and SLU-PP-915: Novel Pan-ERR Agonists With Doping Potential. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2026. analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  6. USADA — 2026 WADA Prohibited List advisory usada.org
  7. WADA — The Prohibited List wada-ama.org

SNAP-8 4

  1. PubChem. Acetyl octapeptide-3 (CID 71587832; formula C42H72N16O15S, MW ~1073 g/mol). pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Baglamis S, Feyzioglu-Demir E, Akgöl S. Nanoparticles as a controlled release system to increase acetyl octapeptide-3 efficiency (in vitro delivery study). Polymer Bulletin, 2023. doi.org
  3. Zdrada-Nowak J, Surgiel-Gemza A, Szatkowska M. Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 in Cosmeceuticals — A Review of Skin Permeability and Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci, 2025 (PMID 40565185). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. INCIDecoder. Acetyl Octapeptide-3 (independent ingredient note on SNAP-8 efficacy claims). incidecoder.com

Somatropin 11

  1. FDA Drug Safety Communication — Ongoing safety review of recombinant human growth hormone (somatropin) fda.gov
  2. FDA Drug Safety Communication — Safety review update (August 2011) fda.gov
  3. Norditropin (somatropin) FDA label (PDF) accessdata.fda.gov
  4. Omnitrope (somatropin) FDA label (PDF) accessdata.fda.gov
  5. Rudman D, et al. Effects of Human Growth Hormone in Men over 60 Years Old. N Engl J Med. 1990 (PMID 2355952) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Liu H, et al. Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone in the Healthy Elderly. Ann Intern Med. 2007 (PMID 17227934) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases — Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease from Commercial Cadaveric Human Growth Hormone (2013) wwwnc.cdc.gov
  8. 21 U.S.C. § 333 (Penalties; subsection (e) on human growth hormone), Cornell LII law.cornell.edu
  9. WADA Prohibited List — S2. Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics (Drugs.com mirror) drugs.com
  10. IWF — New WADA Prohibited List enforced since January 1, 2026 iwf.sport
  11. USADA — IGF-1 and the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List usada.org

SS-31 20

  1. Mechanism and structure review, Int J Mol Sci, 2025 (PMC11816484) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Same review (publisher version, MDPI) mdpi.com
  3. TAZPOWER randomized phase (negative on primary endpoints) (PMC7935714) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. TAZPOWER 168-week open-label extension, Genetics in Medicine, 2024 sciencedirect.com
  5. MMPOWER-3 Phase 3 (negative), Neurology, 2023 (PMC10382259) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. MMPOWER-3, Neurology (publisher version) neurology.org
  7. MMPOWER-3 post-hoc subgroup analysis (PMC11583740) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. ReCLAIM-2 (dry AMD, missed primary endpoints), Ophthalmology Science, 2024 ophthalmologyscience.org
  9. ReCLAIM-2 (PMC11599447) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. EMBRACE-STEMI results (negative) — American College of Cardiology acc.org
  11. EMBRACE-STEMI trial design (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. FDA grants accelerated approval, first treatment for Barth syndrome (Sept 2025) fda.gov
  13. FDA approval package, FORZINITY (NDA 215244) accessdata.fda.gov
  14. FDA advisory committee meeting (Oct 10, 2024, 10–6 vote) fda.gov
  15. Stealth BioTherapeutics FORZINITY approval announcement stealthbt.com
  16. Regulatory timeline — The Cardiology Advisor thecardiologyadvisor.com
  17. US-only approval context — Labiotech labiotech.eu
  18. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  19. WADA Prohibited List context — BSCG bscg.org
  20. Discovery and history — Weill Cornell Medicine news.weill.cornell.edu

Stanozolol 13

  1. LiverTox: Androgenic Steroids (NCBI Bookshelf, NBK548931) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Stanozolol — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  3. Thompson PD et al. 1989 — contrasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum lipoprotein levels (JAMA; PMID 2915439) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Albers JJ et al. 1984 — reduction of LCAT, apolipoprotein D and Lp(a) with stanozolol (Biochim Biophys Acta; PMID 6236850) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Bausserman LL et al. 1997 — short-term stanozolol on serum lipoproteins in hepatic lipase deficiency (Metabolism; PMID 9284885) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Berger JR, Pall L, Winfield D 1993 — anabolic steroids in HIV-related wasting myopathy, case series (South Med J; PMID 8351543) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Stępień PM et al. 2015 — severe intrahepatic cholestasis and liver failure after stanozolol usage (Clin Exp Hepatol; PMID 28856252) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Critical appraisal of androgen use in hereditary angioedema: a systematic review (Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015) annallergy.org
  9. DEA Diversion — Anabolic Steroids (Schedule III; ASCA 1990/2004) deadiversion.usdoj.gov
  10. Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 — Congress.gov H.R.4658 congress.gov
  11. WADA 2026 Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  12. USADA 2026 WADA Prohibited List summary usada.org
  13. 21 U.S. Code § 333 (HGH penalty, subsection (e)) law.cornell.edu

Stenabolic 9

  1. Solt LA, et al. Regulation of circadian behaviour and metabolism by synthetic REV-ERB agonists. Nature 2012;485(7396):62–68. PMID 22460951. nature.com
  2. Solt 2012 — PubMed record (PMID 22460951) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Dierickx P, et al. SR9009 has REV-ERB–independent effects on cell proliferation and metabolism. PNAS 2019;116(25):12147–12152. PMID 31127047. pnas.org
  4. Sulli G, et al. Pharmacological activation of REV-ERBs is lethal in cancer and oncogene-induced senescence. Nature 2018;553(7688):351–355. PMID 29320480. nature.com
  5. FDA. Certain bodybuilding products put consumers at risk for heart attack, stroke, serious liver damage and more. fda.gov
  6. USADA. What Should Athletes Know About GW1516? usada.org
  7. USADA. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) — Prohibited Class: Anabolic Agents. usada.org
  8. WADA. The Prohibited List. wada-ama.org
  9. GW501516 — Wikipedia (GSK/Ligand development, rodent carcinogenicity, discontinuation; secondary source). en.wikipedia.org

Survodutide 14

  1. Sanyal AJ, et al. A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Survodutide in MASH and Fibrosis. NEJM. 2024. nejm.org
  2. ClinicalTrials.gov. Survodutide (BI 456906) MASH trial, NCT04771273. clinicaltrials.gov
  3. le Roux CW, et al. Survodutide for obesity: a phase 2 dose-finding trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2024. thelancet.com
  4. Blüher M, Rosenstock J, et al. Survodutide in type 2 diabetes: a phase 2 trial. Diabetologia. 2024. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Zummo FP, et al. Discovery and pharmacology of survodutide (BI 456906). Molecular Metabolism. 2022. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Thomas L, et al. Pharmacological profiling of survodutide. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. SYNCHRONIZE-1 and SYNCHRONIZE-2 Phase 3 trial design. Obesity. 2025. onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  8. Boehringer Ingelheim. Survodutide achieved 16.6% weight loss in Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-1 (topline). April 2026. globenewswire.com
  9. Boehringer receives FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation and initiates two Phase 3 MASH trials for survodutide. October 2024. globenewswire.com
  10. WADA Prohibited List portal. World Anti-Doping Agency. wada-ama.org
  11. NADA summary of the WADA 2026 Prohibited List and Monitoring Program. nada.de
  12. Roux CW, et al. Blood-pressure effects of survodutide (post-hoc analysis). Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2025. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. The Hill. Health concerns over gray-market injectable peptides. thehill.com
  14. Survodutide. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org

Tamoxifen 7

  1. Fisher B et al., 1998 — Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer (NSABP P-1), J Natl Cancer Inst 90(18):1371-88 (PMID 9747868) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Cuzick J et al., 2015 — Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: extended long-term follow-up of IBIS-I, Lancet Oncol 16(1):67-75 (PMC4772450) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. EBCTCG, 2011 — Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors to efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis, Lancet 378(9793):771-84 thelancet.com
  4. Wibowo E et al., 2016 — Tamoxifen in men: a review of adverse events, Andrology 4(5):776-88 (PMID 27152880) onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  5. Jordan VC, 2021 — 50th anniversary of the first clinical trial with ICI 46,474 (tamoxifen): then what happened?, Endocr Relat Cancer 28(1):R11-R30 (PMC7780369) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. WADA — The 2026 Prohibited List (S1 anabolic agents; S4 hormone and metabolic modulators) wada-ama.org
  7. Cleveland Clinic — Tamoxifen: uses, side effects, and risks my.clevelandclinic.org

TB-500 5

  1. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4 (review, Frontiers in Endocrinology) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. FDA's Pep(tide) Rally! What Compounders and Industry Need to Know (FDA Law Blog, April 2026) thefdalawblog.com
  4. USADA — 2018 Prohibited List: Summary of Major Changes usada.org
  5. TB-500 — Status, Risks, and Bans in Sport and Military (BSCG) bscg.org

Tesamorelin 6

  1. FDA approves tesamorelin for HIV-related lipodystrophy (AJHP) academic.oup.com
  2. Clinical Review Report: Tesamorelin (Egrifta) — Results, covering the LIPO-010 and CTR-1011 phase 3 RCTs (NCBI Bookshelf) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Tesamorelin reduces liver fat and fibrosis progression in people with HIV and NAFLD — report of Stanley et al., Lancet HIV 2019 (aidsmap) aidsmap.com
  4. EGRIFTA SV (tesamorelin) prescribing information / label (DailyMed) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Theratechnologies Receives FDA Approval for EGRIFTA WR (Tesamorelin F8) — March 25, 2025 (GlobeNewswire) globenewswire.com
  6. WADA Prohibited List (S2. Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics) wada-ama.org

Tesofensine 12

  1. Astrup A, et al. Effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372(9653):1906–13 (TIPO-1; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61525-1) thelancet.com
  2. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00394667 (TIPO-1) clinicaltrials.gov
  3. Sjödin A, et al. The effect of the triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor tesofensine on energy metabolism and appetite in overweight and moderately obese men. Int J Obes 2010;34(11):1634–43 (PMID 20479765) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Axel AMD, et al. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010 (DIO rat; α1/D1 mechanism) nature.com
  5. Huynh K, et al. Randomized controlled trial of Tesomet for weight loss in hypothalamic obesity. Eur J Endocrinol 2022;186(6):687–700 (doi:10.1530/EJE-21-0972; PMID 35294397) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03845075 (Tesomet, hypothalamic injury-induced obesity) clinicaltrials.gov
  7. Saniona–Medix license agreement (Feb 2016, Mexico/Argentina) news.cision.com
  8. Saniona tesofensine pipeline page (developer/Medix/COFEPRIS status) saniona.com
  9. Saniona/Inderes update: "Mexican Application for Tesofensine Not Yet Approved" (late 2024) inderes.dk
  10. USADA Athlete Advisory — 2025 WADA Prohibited List (tesofensine added as named S6 stimulant example) usada.org
  11. WADA Prohibited List (official) wada-ama.org
  12. Tesofensine, Wikipedia (background/cross-check only) en.wikipedia.org

Testolone 8

  1. Miller CP, et al. Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Characterization of the SARM RAD140. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011. PMID 24900290 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Yu Z, et al. SARM RAD140 Inhibits the Growth of Androgen/Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer Models with a Distinct Mechanism of Action. Clin Cancer Res. 2017. PMID 28974548 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03088527 — Phase 1 study of RAD140 in AR+/ER+ metastatic breast cancer clinicaltrials.gov
  4. Barbara M, Dhingra S, Mindikoglu AL. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Associated With Alpha Bolic (RAD-140) and Alpha Elite (RAD-140 and LGD-4033). ACG Case Rep J. 2020. PMID 33062783 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Van Wagoner RM, et al. Chemical Composition and Labeling of Substances Marketed as SARMs and Sold via the Internet. JAMA. 2017. PMID 29183075 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. NIH LiverTox — Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. U.S. FDA — warnings against SARMs in body-building products fda.gov
  8. WADA Prohibited List — SARMs (S1.2); GW-1516 (S4.5) wada-ama.org

Testosterone 12

  1. Bhasin S et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. NEJM 1996 (PMID 8637535) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Bhasin S et al. Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001 (PMID 11701431) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Bhasin S et al. Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 (PMID 15562020) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Snyder PJ et al. Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men (The Testosterone Trials). NEJM 2016 (PMID 26886521) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Basaria S et al. Adverse Events Associated with Testosterone Administration (TOM trial). NEJM 2010 (PMID 20592293) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Lincoff AM et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy (TRAVERSE). NEJM 2023 (PMID 37326322) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA cautions about using testosterone products for low testosterone due to aging (March 2015) fda.gov
  8. FDA. FDA issues class-wide labeling changes for testosterone products (Feb 28, 2025) fda.gov
  9. Anderer S. FDA Updates Testosterone Labeling for Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risks. JAMA 2025 (PMID 40184062) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. DEA. Anabolic Steroids (Schedule III; Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990/2004) deadiversion.usdoj.gov
  11. WADA. 2026 Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  12. USADA. 2026 WADA Prohibited List summary usada.org

Thymalin 5

  1. Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003;24(3-4):233-40. PMID 14523363 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Kuznik B, Khavinson V, et al. Peptide Drug Thymalin Regulates Immune Status in Severe COVID-19 Older Patients. Advances in Gerontology, 2021. PMCID PMC8654498; DOI 10.1134/S2079057021040068 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Chalisova NI, Ivko OM. The Use of Thymalin for Immunocorrection and Molecular Aspects of Biological Activity. Biology Bulletin Reviews, 2021;11(4):377-382. PMCID PMC8365293; DOI 10.1134/S2079086421040046 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. NCT04487444 — Thymalfasin (Thymosin Alpha-1) COVID-19 trial (contrast/disambiguation — NOT Thymalin) clinicaltrials.gov
  5. World Anti-Doping Agency — The Prohibited List (category framework / S2) wada-ama.org

Thymosin Alpha-1 8

  1. Liu et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ, 2025. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Liu et al. The efficacy of thymosin α1 as immunomodulatory treatment for sepsis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2016. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Wu et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Critical Care, 2013. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Yang et al. Comparison of the efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis. Antiviral Research, 2008. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Liaw. Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2004. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. The effect of thymosin α1 on mortality of critical COVID-19 patients: a multicenter retrospective study. International Immunopharmacology, 2020. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. FDA. December 4, 2024 Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (thymosin alpha-1 bulk drug substances). fda.gov
  8. World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List (2026) — Thymosin-β4 and derivatives listed under S2; Thymosin Alpha-1 not listed. wada-ama.org

Thymosin Beta-4 19

  1. Ruff et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2010. nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  2. Ruff 2010 trial record (NCT00743769). clinicaltrials.gov
  3. Wang et al. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 (PMC). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Sosne et al. SEER-1: Phase 3 trial of RGN-259 in neurotrophic keratopathy. Int J Mol Sci, 2022 (PMC). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. HLB Therapeutics misses primary endpoint in Phase 3 SEER-3 trial of RGN-259 (Ophthalmology Times). ophthalmologytimes.com
  6. Phase III ARISE-3 trial of RGN-259 fails to meet endpoint in dry eye syndrome (Medthority / RegeneRx). medthority.com
  7. Guarnera et al. Thymosin β4 in venous stasis ulcers (Phase 2). Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2010. nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  8. Epidermolysis bullosa Phase 2 trial, terminated (NCT00311766). clinicaltrials.gov
  9. Acute myocardial infarction trial, withdrawn (NCT01311518). clinicaltrials.gov
  10. Smart & Riley. Thymosin β4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization. Nature, 2007. nature.com
  11. Zhou et al. Thymosin β4 treatment after myocardial infarction does not reprogram epicardial cells into cardiomyocytes (PMC). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. Dose-response study of thymosin β4 for acute stroke (rat model, PMC). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-β4. EMBO J, 2004 (PMC). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  14. Low, Hu & Goldstein. Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin β4. PNAS, 1981. pnas.org
  15. Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4 (review, Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2021). frontiersin.org
  16. RegeneRx gets FDA orphan-drug status for Tβ4 in neurotrophic keratopathy (2013). pharmaceutical-technology.com
  17. RegeneRx Phase 2 AMI trial on clinical hold due to GMP compliance issues (Fierce Biotech, 2011). fiercebiotech.com
  18. WHO recommends INN for thymosin beta-4 as "timbetasin" (2018). prnewswire.com
  19. World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List. wada-ama.org

Tirzepatide 7

  1. MOUNJARO (tirzepatide) injection — FDA prescribing information accessdata.fda.gov
  2. ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) injection — FDA prescribing information accessdata.fda.gov
  3. Tirzepatide — StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1), New England Journal of Medicine nejm.org
  5. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA), New England Journal of Medicine nejm.org
  6. SURPASS-CVOT Published: Large Trial Confirms CVD Efficacy of Tirzepatide (TCTMD coverage of the NEJM trial) tctmd.com
  7. Weight Loss Drugs: What Athletes Need to Know About GLP-1s — USADA usada.org

Trenbolone 17

  1. Trenbolone — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  2. Trenbolone acetate — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  3. Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (Parabolan) — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  4. Yarrow JF et al. 2011 — tissue-selective effects in orchiectomized rats, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (PMID 21266670) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Ye F, Yarrow JF, Borst SE et al. 2014 — trenbolone and atrophy-gene/GR suppression, Steroids 87:59–66 (PMID 24928725) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Yarrow JF, McCoy SC, Borst SE 2010 — review of trenbolone pharmacology, Steroids 75(6):377–89 (PMID 20138077) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. DailyMed — Synovex Primer (trenbolone acetate and estradiol benzoate implant) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  8. FDA Animal Drugs @ FDA — Synovex Freedom of Information Summary animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov
  9. DEA Diversion Control — Anabolic Steroids deadiversion.usdoj.gov
  10. DEA Drug Fact Sheet — Steroids dea.gov
  11. Federal Register — Implementation of the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 federalregister.gov
  12. Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 — Congress.gov H.R.4658 (text) congress.gov
  13. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  14. WADA S1 Anabolic Agents (Drugs.com mirror) drugs.com
  15. WADA S2 Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors (Drugs.com mirror) drugs.com
  16. List of drugs banned by WADA — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  17. Herlitz LC et al. — Development of FSGS after anabolic steroid abuse (PMID 19917783) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Turinabol 11

  1. Franke WW, Berendonk B 1997 — Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes (GDR), Clin Chem (PMID 9216474) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Pope HG Jr et al. 2014 — Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs, Endocrine Society Scientific Statement (PMID 24423981) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Baggish AL et al. 2017 — Cardiovascular Toxicity of Illicit Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use, Circulation (PMID 28533317) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. NIH LiverTox — Androgenic Steroids (NBK548931) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Loke S et al. 2021 — Controlled administration of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone in humans, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol (PMID 34418529) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Federal Register — Implementation of the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004, 70 FR 74653 (Dec 16, 2005) federalregister.gov
  7. 21 CFR 1308.13 — Schedule III (anabolic steroids at subsection (f)) ecfr.gov
  8. 21 U.S.C. § 333 — Penalties (subsection (e), human growth hormone) law.cornell.edu
  9. WADA Prohibited List — Class S1 Anabolic Agents (S1.1 exogenous AAS; prohibited at all times) wada-ama.org
  10. Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone — Wikipedia (background chemistry/history) en.wikipedia.org
  11. Doping in East Germany — Wikipedia (background) en.wikipedia.org

Turkesterone 6

  1. Parr MK et al. "Ecdysteroids: A novel class of anabolic agents?" Biology of Sport 2015;32(2):169–173 (PMID 26060342) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Isenmann E et al. "Ecdysteroids as non-conventional anabolic agent: performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans." Archives of Toxicology 2019;93(7):1807–1816 link.springer.com
  3. Todorova V et al. "Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition." Nutrients 2024 (PMC11085066) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. WADA 2026 Monitoring Program wada-ama.org
  5. WADA: "WADA's 2026 Prohibited List now in force" wada-ama.org
  6. FDA: New Dietary Ingredient (NDI) Notification Process fda.gov

VIP 12

  1. Intravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure (ACTIV-3b/TESICO; Brown et al., Lancet Respir Med, 2023) — PubMed (PMID 37348524) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. ACTIV-3b/TESICO registry record — ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04843761) clinicaltrials.gov
  3. ZYESAMI (Aviptadil) Phase 2/3 critical-COVID RCT results (Youssef et al., Crit Care Med, 2022) — PMC9555831 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. ZYESAMI critical-COVID registry record — ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04311697) clinicaltrials.gov
  5. Aviptadil in ARDS: systematic review and meta-analysis (Udupa et al., Indian J Crit Care Med, 2025) — PMC12683555 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Inhaled vasoactive intestinal peptide exerts immunoregulatory effects in sarcoidosis (Prasse et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2010) — PubMed (PMID 20442436) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Cardiovascular effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in healthy subjects (Frase et al., Am J Cardiol, 1987) — PubMed (PMID 3687785) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. FDA declines emergency use authorization for ZYESAMI (aviptadil), November 2021 — PR Newswire prnewswire.com
  9. FDA declines emergency use authorization for ZYESAMI (aviptadil) subgroup, July 2022 — PR Newswire prnewswire.com
  10. Aviptadil (mechanism, orphan and fast-track designations, regulatory history) — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  11. Desmopressin (FDA-approved vasopressin analog; WADA masking agent) — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  12. WADA Prohibited List — S2 Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors and Related Substances (Drugs.com summary) drugs.com

VK2735 9

  1. Bays HE et al., "Weekly Subcutaneous VK2735... Phase 2, 13-Week VENTURE Study," Obesity (Silver Spring) 2026;34(3):537–549 (PubMed) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. VENTURE Phase 2 full text (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Viking Therapeutics: Publication of Phase 2 VENTURE results in Obesity (Jan 12, 2026) prnewswire.com
  4. Viking Therapeutics: Positive top-line results from Phase 2 VENTURE-Oral (Aug 19, 2025) prnewswire.com
  5. Viking Therapeutics: Phase 2 VENTURE-Oral data at ECO 2026 (May 12, 2026) prnewswire.com
  6. Viking Therapeutics: Initiation of Phase 3 VANQUISH program (Jun 25, 2025) prnewswire.com
  7. Viking Therapeutics: Completion of enrollment in Phase 3 VANQUISH-1 (Nov 19, 2025) prnewswire.com
  8. Viking Therapeutics: Completion of enrollment in Phase 3 VANQUISH-2 (Mar 26, 2026) prnewswire.com
  9. WADA Prohibited List 2026 / Monitoring Program summary (NADA Germany) nada.de

YK-11 14

  1. Kanno Y, et al. YK11 is a partial agonist of the androgen receptor. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011;34(3):318-23. PMID 21372378 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Kanno Y, et al. YK11 regulates myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts by follistatin expression. Biol Pharm Bull. 2013;36(9):1460-5. PMID 23995658 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Lee SJ, et al. Myostatin inhibitor YK11 as a preventative health supplement for bacterial sepsis. BBRC. 2021. PMID 33588136 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Piper T, et al. Studies on the in vivo metabolism of the SARM YK11. Drug Test Anal. 2018;10(11-12):1646-1656. PMID 30379415 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Sobolevsky T, et al. Detection of YK-11 in a doping control sample. Drug Test Anal. 2024. PMID 37946705 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. FDA. Certain Bodybuilding Products Put Consumers at Risk (SARMs) fda.gov
  7. FDA. FDA Warns of Use of SARMs Among Teens, Young Adults fda.gov
  8. USADA. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) — Prohibited Class: Anabolic Agents usada.org
  9. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  10. SARMs Control Act of 2018 (S.2742, 115th Congress) congress.gov
  11. SARMs Control Act of 2019 (S.2895, 116th Congress) congress.gov
  12. SARMs-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Report and Review of Literature. PMC10024817 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. LiverTox: Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. NBK619971 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  14. Nash E, et al. Drug-induced liver injury from SARMs, AAS and bodybuilding supplements in Australia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024;59(8):953-961 onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Guides 16

A Plain-English Peptide Glossary 9

  1. Pharmacokinetics — StatPearls, NIH/NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Drug Bioavailability — StatPearls, NIH/NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Elimination Half-Life of Drugs — StatPearls, NIH/NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Drug Absorption — StatPearls, NIH/NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development (Ishida et al., 2020), JCSM Rapid Communications onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  6. Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs (Camanni, Ghigo, Arvat, 1998) — PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Distribution of In Vitro Diagnostic Products Labeled for Research Use Only or Investigational Use Only — FDA Guidance fda.gov
  8. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP — DailyMed label (benzyl alcohol; not for use in neonates) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Designing peptide receptor agonists and antagonists (Hruby, 2002) — Nature Reviews Drug Discovery nature.com
  1. FDA — FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss fda.gov
  2. FDA — Warning Letter, USApeptide.com (696885), 02/26/2025 fda.gov
  3. FDA — Warning Letter, Summit Research Peptides (695607), 12/10/2024 fda.gov
  4. FDA — Warning Letter, Gram Peptides (721806), 03/31/2026 fda.gov
  5. Health Law Alliance — FDA Targets GLP-1 and Peptide Compounding, Advertising and "Research Use Only" Labeling healthlawalliance.com
  6. Cornell LII — 21 U.S.C. § 333 (human growth hormone provision) law.cornell.edu
  7. FDA — Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A fda.gov
  8. FDA — Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A fda.gov
  9. Orrick — FDA Announces Removal of 12 Peptides from Category 2 and Schedules PCAC Meetings orrick.com
  10. FDA Law Blog (Hyman Phelps) — FDA's Peptide Rally: What Compounders and Industry Need to Know thefdalawblog.com
  11. Federal Register — Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting (2026-07361) federalregister.gov
  12. STAT — FDA panel will meet to discuss allowing broader access to certain peptides statnews.com
  13. Public Citizen — Outrage of the Month: The FDA, Peptides, and RFK Jr. citizen.org
  14. FDA — FDA Clarifies Policies for Compounders as National GLP-1 Supply Begins to Stabilize fda.gov
  15. Drug Topics — GLP-1 No Longer on FDA's Drug Shortage List drugtopics.com
  16. FDA — FDA Proposes to Exclude Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, and Liraglutide on 503B Bulks List fda.gov
  17. Federal Register — List of Bulk Drug Substances for Which There Is a Clinical Need Under Section 503B (2026-08552) federalregister.gov
  18. Epstein Becker — FDA Proposal Would Leave Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, and Liraglutide Off 503B Bulks List healthlawadvisor.com
  19. Orrick — FDA Moves to Shut the Door on Large-Scale Compounding of GLP-1 Drugs orrick.com
  20. DEA Diversion Control Division — Controlled Substance Schedules deadiversion.usdoj.gov
  21. WADA — The Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  22. WADA — WADA Publishes 2026 Prohibited List wada-ama.org

Bacteriostatic Water, Sterility, and Aseptic Technique 15

  1. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP — FDA label (DailyMed) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection — Pfizer prescribing information pfizermedical.com
  3. CDC MMWR — Neonatal Deaths Associated with Benzyl Alcohol (1982) cdc.gov
  4. CDC — Preventing Unsafe Injection Practices (Clinical Safety) cdc.gov
  5. CDC — Injection Safety Clinical Guidance cdc.gov
  6. WHO Best Practices for Injections and Related Procedures Toolkit (NCBI Bookshelf) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. APIC — Safe Injection, Infusion, and Medication Vial Practices (position paper, 2010) info.ncdhhs.gov
  8. APIC — Safe Injection, Infusion, Medication Vial, and Point-of-Care Testing Practices, 2025 update (Am J Infect Control) ajicjournal.org
  9. CDC Grand Rounds: Preventing Unsafe Injection Practices, MMWR 2013;62(21):423–425 pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Pilot RCT on alcohol swabbing of single-use vials (Cureus, 2025) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. FDA — Pyrogen and Endotoxins Testing: Questions and Answers fda.gov
  12. FDA Inspection Technical Guide — Bacterial Endotoxins/Pyrogens fda.gov
  13. Nugrahadi et al. — Stability of Therapeutic Peptides in Aqueous Solutions: A Review (Pharmaceutics, 2023) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  14. The Joint Commission — Managing Multi-dose Vials (Standards FAQ) jointcommission.org
  15. USP — General Chapter <797> Revision Notice uspnf.com

GLP-1 and Incretin Drugs, Explained 28

  1. Incretin biology review (Gastroenterology) gastrojournal.org
  2. GIP receptor agonism rationale (Diabetes 2025) diabetesjournals.org
  3. GIP receptor antagonism rationale (Diabetes 2025) diabetesjournals.org
  4. Therapeutic Targeting of the GIP Receptor (Diabetes 2025 editorial) diabetesjournals.org
  5. SCALE — liraglutide for weight (NEJM 2015) nejm.org
  6. STEP-1 — semaglutide for weight (NEJM 2021) nejm.org
  7. OASIS-4 — oral semaglutide (NEJM 2025) nejm.org
  8. SURMOUNT-1 — tirzepatide for weight (NEJM 2022) nejm.org
  9. SURMOUNT-1 (ClinicalTrials.gov) clinicaltrials.gov
  10. SURMOUNT-5 head-to-head summary (ACC) acc.org
  11. Retatrutide phase 2 (NEJM 2023) nejm.org
  12. REDEFINE-1 — CagriSema (NEJM 2025) nejm.org
  13. REDEFINE-2 — CagriSema in T2D (NEJM 2025) nejm.org
  14. Survodutide phase 2 for MASH (NEJM 2024) nejm.org
  15. LEADER — liraglutide CV outcomes (NEJM 2016) nejm.org
  16. SUSTAIN-6 — semaglutide CV outcomes (NEJM 2016) nejm.org
  17. SELECT — semaglutide CV outcomes in obesity (NEJM 2023) nejm.org
  18. SURPASS-CVOT — tirzepatide CV outcomes (NEJM 2025) nejm.org
  19. Thyroid tumor risk with GLP-1 receptor agonists (Diabetes Care 2025) diabetesjournals.org
  20. NAION and semaglutide — Hathaway et al. (JAMA Ophthalmology 2024) jamanetwork.com
  21. NAION — Danish-Norwegian cohort (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  22. FDA — compounding policies as GLP-1 supply stabilizes fda.gov
  23. FDA — proposal to exclude GLP-1s from the 503B bulks list fda.gov
  24. Federal Register — 503B clinical-need list (May 2026) federalregister.gov
  25. FDA — concerns with unapproved GLP-1 drugs fda.gov
  26. FDA — warning to 30 telehealth companies fda.gov
  27. FDA — Green List for imported GLP-1 ingredients fda.gov
  28. WADA — analysis of GLP-1 receptor agonists wada-ama.org

How Peptides Are Made: Synthesis, Purity, and Why Quality Varies 16

  1. Behrendt R, White P, Offer J. Advances in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2016;22:4–27. onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  2. Akbarian M, Yousefi R. Human αB-crystallin as fusion protein and molecular chaperone increases the expression and folding efficiency of recombinant insulin. PLoS One 2018;13(10):e0206169. journals.plos.org
  3. Wunderlich H, et al. New method for peptide purification based on selective removal of truncation peptide impurities after SPPS with orthogonal capping. J Pept Sci 2023;29(11):e3496. onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  4. Kong MJW, van den Braak TJHP, Neumann K. Aspartimide Formation and Its Prevention in Fmoc Chemistry Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. ChemBioChem 2025. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Palasek SA, Cox ZJ, Collins JM. Limiting racemization and aspartimide formation in microwave-enhanced Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2007;13(3):143–148. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. Towards a Consensus for the Analysis and Exchange of TFA as a Counterion in Synthetic Peptides and Its Influence on Membrane Permeation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025;18(8):1163. mdpi.com
  7. USP General Chapter ⟨1503⟩, Quality Attributes of Synthetic Peptide Drug Substances (USP, 2021). doi.usp.org
  8. De Spiegeleer B, et al. Impurity profiling quality control testing of synthetic peptides: the obestatin case. Anal Biochem 2008;376(2):229–234. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Operation Supplement Safety (DoD): Peptide hormones as ingredients in supplements. opss.org
  10. FDA: FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss. fda.gov
  11. FDA: Alert on dosing errors associated with compounded injectable semaglutide products (July 26, 2024). fda.gov
  12. FDA: FDA Launches Green List to Protect Americans from Illegal Imported GLP-1 Drug Ingredients (September 5, 2025). fda.gov
  13. FDA warning letter to USApeptide.com (February 26, 2025). fda.gov
  14. FDA: FDA Proposes to Exclude Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, and Liraglutide on 503B Bulks List. fda.gov
  15. WADA Prohibited List. wada-ama.org
  16. WADA 2026 Monitoring Program. wada-ama.org

How to Read a Certificate of Analysis (COA) 7

  1. Bacterial Endotoxins — United States Pharmacopeia (USP) usp.org
  2. Expert Committee approves endotoxin testing using non-animal derived reagents (USP <86>) — USP usp.org
  3. Bacterial Endotoxins/Pyrogens — Inspection Technical Guide, U.S. Food and Drug Administration fda.gov
  4. USP <85> Bacterial Endotoxins Testing (LAL method overview) — Microchem Laboratory microchemlab.com
  5. Sterility Testing (USP <71>) — Lucideon lucideon.com
  6. ISO/IEC 17025:2017 — General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories — ISO iso.org
  7. What's Changing With Peptide Regulation in 2026 — BSCG (Banned Substances Control Group) bscg.org

How to Read a Peptide Study Without Getting Fooled 6

  1. FDA Facts: Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints (U.S. Food & Drug Administration) fda.gov
  2. Surrogate Endpoint Resources for Drug and Biologic Development (U.S. Food & Drug Administration) fda.gov
  3. Prasad V, et al. The Strength of Association Between Surrogate End Points and Survival in Oncology. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2015 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  4. Lundh A, et al. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017 cochranelibrary.com
  5. What is an unrefereed preprint? (medRxiv) medrxiv.org
  6. Preprints: peer review and PubMed Central (U.S. National Library of Medicine) nlm.nih.gov

How to Spot a Scam Peptide Vendor 7

  1. FDA — FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss fda.gov
  2. FDA — Warning Letter: USApeptide.com (696885), 02/26/2025 fda.gov
  3. FDA — Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act fda.gov
  4. FDA — FDA warns consumers not to use counterfeit Ozempic (semaglutide) found in U.S. drug supply chain fda.gov
  5. FTC — Federal Trade Commission Announces Final Rule Banning Fake Reviews and Testimonials (Aug 2024) ftc.gov
  6. FTC — The Consumer Reviews and Testimonials Rule: Questions and Answers ftc.gov
  7. ProPublica — An FDA Reversal on Peptides Could Open the Market to Unsafe Drugs propublica.org

How to Vet a Peptide Source 2

  1. Janoshik Analytical — independent peptide/PED testing and public COA verification janoshik.com
  2. ISO/IEC 17025:2017 — competence of testing and calibration laboratories — ISO iso.org

Peptide Half-Life and Pharmacokinetics, in Plain Terms 14

  1. Ozempic (semaglutide) FDA label — DailyMed dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Drugs@FDA: semaglutide (NDA 209637) — FDA accessdata.fda.gov
  3. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (DPP-4 cleavage; ~2-minute half-life) — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  4. Optimization of Protein and Peptide Drugs Based on the Mechanisms of Kidney Clearance — Wu & Huang, Protein Pept Lett (2018), PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  5. Size-selectivity of the glomerular barrier to high molecular weight proteins — Tencer et al., Kidney Int (1998), PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  6. The Glomerular Endothelium Restricts Albumin Filtration — Ballermann et al., Front Med (2021), PMC pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  7. Chemical Strategies for Half-Life Extension of Biopharmaceuticals: Lipidation and Its Alternatives — Bech et al., ACS Med Chem Lett (2018), PMC pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. Half-Life Extension of Biopharmaceuticals using Chemical Methods: Alternatives to PEGylation — van Witteloostuijn et al., ChemMedChem (2016), PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. Prolonged stimulation of GH and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295 — Teichman et al., JCEM (2006), PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  10. Protease-Resistant Peptides for Targeting and Intracellular Delivery of Therapeutics — Lucana et al., Pharmaceutics (2021), PMC pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  11. Methods to Enhance the Metabolic Stability of Peptide-Based PET Radiopharmaceuticals — Evans et al., Molecules (2020), PMC pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  12. D- and Unnatural Amino Acid Substituted Antimicrobial Peptides With Improved Proteolytic Resistance — Lu et al., Front Microbiol (2020), PMC pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. Current Understanding of SNAC as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience — Clinical Diabetes (2024) diabetesjournals.org
  14. Gastrointestinal Permeation Enhancers for the Development of Oral Peptide Pharmaceuticals — Kim et al., Pharmaceuticals (2022), PMC pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Peptide Side Effects and Safety: General Principles 12

  1. DailyMed — EGRIFTA SV (tesamorelin) prescribing information dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  2. DailyMed — WEGOVY (semaglutide) prescribing information dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  3. FDA — Dosing Errors Associated with Compounded Semaglutide fda.gov
  4. Pharmacy Times — FDA adds delayed gastric emptying to semaglutide label pharmacytimes.com
  5. Frontiers in Endocrinology (2022) — FAERS gastrointestinal safety analysis of GLP-1 receptor agonists frontiersin.org
  6. De Groot et al. (2023) — Immunogenicity risk of synthetic peptide drugs and their impurities (Drug Discovery Today) sciencedirect.com
  7. Immunogenicity of therapeutic peptide products: the role of product-related risk factors (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  8. PMC — Insulin-induced lipohypertrophy and erratic absorption pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  9. USP General Chapter <797> — Pharmaceutical Compounding: Sterile Preparations uspnf.com
  10. DoD Operation Supplement Safety — BPC-157: a prohibited peptide and unapproved drug opss.org
  11. USADA — BPC-157 is a prohibited peptide usada.org
  12. DermNet — Melanotan II dermnetnz.org

Peptide Storage and Stability 4

  1. Stability Considerations for Biopharmaceuticals: Overview of Protein and Peptide Degradation Pathways — BioProcess International bioprocessintl.com
  2. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP — FDA label (DailyMed) dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
  3. CDC — Preventing Unsafe Injection Practices (single- vs. multi-dose vials; 28-day discard) cdc.gov
  4. USP — Compounding Standards and Beyond-Use Dates (BUDs) fact sheet usp.org

Peptides 101: What They Are and How to Think About Them 41

  1. Peptide — NHGRI Genetics Glossary genome.gov
  2. Biochemistry, Peptide — StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. What is the difference between a peptide and a protein? — Britannica britannica.com
  4. Explainer: peptides vs. proteins — University of Queensland IMB imb.uq.edu.au
  5. Peptide — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  6. Peptide hormone — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  7. Peptide Hormones and Their Receptors — The Medical Biochemistry Page themedicalbiochemistrypage.org
  8. 100 Years of Insulin — U.S. FDA fda.gov
  9. The Discovery and Development of Insulin — American Chemical Society acs.org
  10. Trends in peptide drug discovery — Nature Reviews Drug Discovery nature.com
  11. Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions — Nature nature.com
  12. Peptide anticancer drugs review (goserelin) — PMC ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  13. GLP-1 Agonists — Cleveland Clinic my.clevelandclinic.org
  14. GLP-1 receptor agonists review — PMC ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  15. Distribution of IVD Products Labeled Research Use Only/Investigational Use Only — U.S. FDA Guidance fda.gov
  16. Distribution of IVD Products Labeled RUO/IUO — Federal Register (2013-28084) federalregister.gov
  17. An Introduction to Research Use Only (RUO) — Jama Software jamasoftware.com
  18. Inside the booming, gray-market world of injectable peptides — The Hill thehill.com
  19. The Unregulated World of Peptides — D.J. Holt Law djholtlaw.com
  20. Peptides: what to know about the viral health claims — CBS News cbsnews.com
  21. Gray-Market Peptides: So Much Hype, So Little Data — Medscape medscape.com
  22. FDA Considers Adding Peptides to Its Bulk Drug Compounding List — RAPS raps.org
  23. FDA Puts BPC-157, TB-500 and Other Peptides Under the Microscope — Lengea Law lengealaw.com
  24. FDA Advisory Committee Set to Weigh Action on Certain Unapproved Peptides — FiercePharma fiercepharma.com
  25. FDA's Pep(tide) Rally — FDA Law Blog thefdalawblog.com
  26. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A — U.S. FDA fda.gov
  27. FDA Clarifies Policies for Compounders as National GLP-1 Supply Stabilizes — U.S. FDA fda.gov
  28. Semaglutide Shortage Resolved — McDermott Will & Emery mwe.com
  29. Semaglutide Shortage Over, FDA Says — NCPA ncpa.org
  30. FDA Ends Compounding Discretion for Tirzepatide — NCPA ncpa.org
  31. WADA Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  32. S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors and Related Substances — Drugs.com drugs.com
  33. Why "Anti-Aging" Peptide Shots Are Trending — TIME time.com
  34. Peptides, influencers, and an unregulated market — CNN cnn.com
  35. Peptides, science, muscle growth and longevity — NPR npr.org
  36. Levels of Evidence — UC Davis Library guides.library.ucdavis.edu
  37. Levels of Evidence — Stony Brook EBM Guide guides.library.stonybrook.edu
  38. Hierarchy of evidence — Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org
  39. The hierarchy of evidence — PMC ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  40. BPC-157: peptide science, safety and regulatory questions — STAT statnews.com
  41. BPC-157 literature and patent review — PMC ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Peptides and Anti-Doping: WADA Status Explained 8

  1. The Prohibited List — World Anti-Doping Agency wada-ama.org
  2. 2026 Prohibited List (International Standard, PDF) — World Anti-Doping Agency wada-ama.org
  3. 6 Things to Know About Peptide Hormones and Releasing Factors — USADA usada.org
  4. BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes — USADA usada.org
  5. BPC-157: A prohibited peptide and an unapproved drug found in health and wellness products — Operation Supplement Safety (OPSS) opss.org
  6. Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) — U.S. Anti-Doping Agency usada.org
  7. Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) — World Anti-Doping Agency wada-ama.org
  8. Global DRO — Global Drug Reference Online globaldro.com

Routes of Administration, Explained 8

  1. Drug Bioavailability — StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf (NIH) ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  2. Barriers and Strategies for Oral Peptide and Protein Therapeutics Delivery: Update on Clinical Advances — Pharmaceutics (PMC) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  3. Impact of injection sites on clinical pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered peptides and proteins — Journal of Controlled Release (ScienceDirect) sciencedirect.com
  4. RYBELSUS (semaglutide) tablets — Prescribing Information, FDA accessdata.fda.gov
  5. Mycapssa (octreotide) FDA Approval History — Drugs.com drugs.com
  6. DDAVP (desmopressin acetate) Nasal Spray — Prescribing Information, FDA accessdata.fda.gov
  7. A comprehensive review of advanced nasal delivery: Specially insulin and calcitonin — European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (ScienceDirect) sciencedirect.com
  8. The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs — Bos & Meinardi, Experimental Dermatology (2000) — PubMed pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The Gray Market: Sourcing, Purity, and Contamination 7

  1. FDA — FDA's Concerns with Unapproved GLP-1 Drugs Used for Weight Loss fda.gov
  2. Health Law Alliance — FDA Targets GLP-1 and Peptide Compounding, Advertising and "Research Use Only" Labeling healthlawalliance.com
  3. FDA — Warning Letter, Summit Research Peptides (695607), 12/10/2024 fda.gov
  4. MIT Technology Review — Peptides are everywhere. Here's what you need to know. (Feb 2026) technologyreview.com
  5. USADA — BPC-157: Experimental Peptide Creates Risk for Athletes usada.org
  6. WADA — The Prohibited List wada-ama.org
  7. Pharmacy Times — Compounded, Counterfeit Semaglutide Poses Severe Risk to Patients pharmacytimes.com

Sources are drawn from the reference list of each page — peer-reviewed studies, FDA and regulatory records, clinical-trial registries, anti-doping bodies, and established references. Educational use only; nothing here is medical advice.